PM2.5-bound trace metals in an urban area of Northern Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic: characterization, sources, and health risk

• Published in: Air quality, atmosphere and health Vol. 16; no. 9; pp. 1789 - 1808
• Main Authors: Martínez Morales, Stephanie, Cerón Bretón, Julia Griselda, Carbajal, Noel, Cerón Bretón, Rosa Maria, Lara Severino, Reyna, Kahl, Jonathan D.W., Carrillo Ávila, Jair Rafael, Carranco Lozada, Simón Eduardo, Espinosa Guzmán, Alberto, Pech Pech, Ildefonso Esteban, Garcia Martinez, Rocío, Robles Heredia, Juan Carlos, Hernández López, Guadalupe, Solís Canul, Jose Angel, Uc Chi, Martha Patricia
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.09.2023; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Absorption spectroscopy; Air pollution; Air quality; Anthropogenic factors; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Atomic absorption analysis; Atomic absorption spectroscopy; Bivariate analysis; Cadmium; Calcium; Cancer; Carcinogens; Cardiovascular diseases; Chromium; Cobalt; Copper; COVID-19; Earth and Environmental Science; Electron microscopy; Emission analysis; Emission spectroscopy; Emissions; Environment; Environmental Health; Health Promotion and Disease Prevention; Health risk assessment; Health risks; Heavy metals; Inductively coupled plasma; Inhalation; Iron and steel industry; Lead; Magnesium; Manganese; Metal concentrations; Metropolitan areas; Morphology; Nickel; Optical emission spectroscopy; Pandemics; Particulate matter; Pollutants; Respiration; Respiratory diseases; Scanning electron microscopy; Spectral analysis; Spectroscopic analysis; Spectroscopy; Spectrum analysis; Spring; Steel industry; Trace metals; Traffic volume; Urban areas; Urbanization; Vehicle emissions; Mexico; Air pollution; PM; Particulate matter; Trace metals; Health risk
• ISSN: 1873-9318; 1873-9326
• DOI: 10.1007/s11869-023-01372-7

A field study was carried out in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey (MAM), the second most populated city in Mexico, characterized by increasing urbanization, high traffic density, and intense industrial activity. These characteristics commonly present high concentrations of air pollutants leading to the degradation of air quality. PM 2.5 was analyzed for heavy metals at two urban sites located within the MAM (Juarez and San Bernabe) in order to determine sources, health risk, morphology, and elemental content during the COVID-19 pandemic (autumn 2020 and spring 2021). Twenty-four-hour samples of PM 2.5 were collected at each site during 30-day periods using high-volume equipment. Gravimetric concentrations and 11 metals were measured (Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Cr, and Pb) by different analytical techniques (flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy). Selected samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy-energy-disperse spectroscopy in order to characterize their morphology and elemental content. PM 2.5 concentrations exceeded the Mexican standard and WHO guidelines in Juarez during spring 2021. Cu, Cd, and Co were highly enriched by anthropogenic sources, and Ni, K, Cr, and Pb had a moderate enrichment. Mg, Mn, and Ca were of crustal origin. Bivariate statistics and PCA confirmed that alkaline metals originated from crustal sources and that the main sources of trace metals included traffic emissions, resuspension from soil/road dust, steel industry, smelting, and non-exhaust emissions at both sites. Lifetime cancer risk coefficients did not exceed the permissible levels established by EPA and WHO, implying that local residents are not at risk of developing cancer. Non-carcinogenic risk coefficients revealed that there is a possible risk of suffering cardiovascular and respiratory diseases due to inhalation of cobalt at the study sites. Graphical Abstract