Contribution of Muscle Afferents to Prolonged Flexion Withdrawal Reflexes in Human Spinal Cord Injury

• Published in: Journal of neurophysiology Vol. 92; no. 6; pp. 3375 - 3384
• Main Authors: Hornby, T. G, Tysseling-Mattiace, V. M, Benz, E. N, Schmit, B. D
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Am Phys Soc 01.12.2004
• Subjects: Adult; Electromyography; Female; Foot; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Neurons - physiology; Muscle Contraction - physiology; Muscle, Skeletal - innervation; Muscle, Skeletal - physiology; Neurons, Afferent - physiology; Reflex - physiology; Skin - innervation; Spasm - physiopathology; Spinal Cord Injuries - physiopathology; Torque
• ISSN: 0022-3077; 1522-1598
• DOI: 10.1152/jn.00152.2004

1 Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612; 2 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611; 3 Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60611; and 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201 Submitted 17 February 2004; accepted in final form 1 July 2004 The contribution of force-sensitive muscular afferents to prolonged flexion withdrawal reflexes, or flexor spasms, after human spinal cord injury (SCI) was investigated. In three separate experimental conditions, flexion reflexes were triggered in subjects with SCI using trains of electrocutaneous stimuli delivered at the foot and lower leg and compared with reflexes elicited via intramuscular (IM) electrical stimuli. In the first experiment, flexion reflexes were elicited using IM stimuli to the tibialis anterior (TA) in the majority of subjects tested. The ratio of peak isometric ankle to hip torques during IM-triggered reflexes were proportionally similar to those evoked by electrocutaneous foot or shank stimulation, although the latency to onset and peak flexion torques were significantly longer with IM stimulation. In the second experiments, the amplitude and frequency of IM TA stimulation were varied to alter the stimulus-induced muscle torque. Peak ankle and hip torques generated during the flexion reflex responses were correlated to a greater extent with stimulus-induced muscle torques as compared with the modulated stimulus parameters. In the third experimental series, IM stimuli delivered to the gastrocnemius (GS) elicited flexion reflexes in approximately half of the subjects tested. The combined data indicate a potentially prominent role of the stimulus-induced muscle contraction to the magnitude and latency of flexor reflex behaviors after IM TA stimulation. Results after IM GS stimulation indicate multi-joint flexion reflexes can also be elicited, although to a lesser extent than IM TA stimulation. Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: T. G. Hornby, Dept. of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois, 1919 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612 (E-mail: tgh{at}uic.edu ).