The Ugly Duckling Turned to Swan: A Change in Perception of Bystander-Activated Memory CD8 T Cells

Memory T cells (T ) rapidly mount Ag-specific responses during pathogen reencounter. However, T also respond to inflammatory cues in the absence of an activating TCR signal, a phenomenon termed bystander activation. Although bystander activation was first described over 20 years ago, the physiologic...

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Published inThe Journal of immunology (1950) Vol. 206; no. 3; pp. 455 - 462
Main Authors Maurice, Nicholas J, Taber, Alexis K, Prlic, Martin
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States 01.02.2021
Subjects
Animals
Bystander Effect - immunology
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology
Humans
Immunity, Heterologous
Immunologic Memory
Infections - immunology
Lymphocyte Activation
Neoplasms - immunology
Vaccines - immunology
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Summary:Memory T cells (T ) rapidly mount Ag-specific responses during pathogen reencounter. However, T also respond to inflammatory cues in the absence of an activating TCR signal, a phenomenon termed bystander activation. Although bystander activation was first described over 20 years ago, the physiological relevance and the consequences of T cell bystander activation have only become more evident in recent years. In this review, we discuss the scenarios that trigger CD8 T bystander activation including acute and chronic infections that are either systemic or localized, as well as evidence for bystander CD8 T within tumors and following vaccination. We summarize the possible consequences of bystander activation for the T cell itself, the subsequent immune response, and the host. We highlight when T cell bystander activation appears to benefit or harm the host and briefly discuss our current knowledge gaps regarding regulatory signals that can control bystander activation.
Bibliography:ObjectType-Article-2
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ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:0022-1767
1550-6606
DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.2000937