Sex role stereotyping is hard to kill: A field experiment measuring social responses to user characteristics and behavior in an online multiplayer first-person shooter game

• Published in: Computers in human behavior Vol. 35; pp. 148 - 156
• Main Authors: Holz Ivory, Adrienne, Fox, Jesse, Franklin Waddell, T., Ivory, James D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.06.2014
• Subjects: Attitudes; Behavior; Computer-mediated communication; Electronic & video games; Expectation states theory; Females; Friendship; Games; Internet; Males; Mathematical models; Men; Online video games; Players; Sex; Sex role stereotyping; Sex Roles; Social Identity; Social identity model of deindividuation effects; Social Response; Videotape Recordings; Sex role stereotyping; Social identity model of deindividuation effects; Expectation states theory; Online video games; Computer-mediated communication
• ISSN: 0747-5632; 1873-7692
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.026

•Female users in an online game gained more compliance with “friend” requests.•Female users gained most compliance with “friend” requests when positive or silent.•Male users gained most compliance with “friend” requests when negative.•Findings suggest sex-role stereotyping in users’ expectations for player behavior. Sex role stereotyping by players in first-person shooter games and other online gaming environments may encourage a social environment that marginalizes and alienates female players. Consistent with the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE), the anonymity of online games may engender endorsement of group-consistent attitudes and amplification of social stereotyping, such as the adherence to gender norms predicted by expectations states theory. A 2×3×2 virtual field experiment (N=520) in an online first-person shooter video game examined effects of a confederate players’ sex, communication style, and skill on players’ compliance with subsequent online friend requests. We found support for the hypothesis that, in general, women would gain more compliance with friend requests than men. We also found support for the hypothesis that women making positive utterances would gain more compliance with friend requests than women making negative utterances, whereas men making negative utterances would gain more compliance with friend requests than men making positive utterances. The hypothesis that player skill (i.e., game scores) would predict compliance with friend requests was not supported. Implications for male and female game players and computer-mediated communication in online gaming environments are discussed.