Q-PPG: Energy-Efficient PPG-Based Heart Rate Monitoring on Wearable Devices

• Published in: IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems Vol. 15; no. 6; pp. 1196 - 1209
• Main Authors: Burrello, Alessio, Pagliari, Daniele Jahier, Risso, Matteo, Benatti, Simone, Macii, Enrico, Benini, Luca, Poncino, Massimo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 01.12.2021; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Algorithms; Arm; Cascade flow; Deep learning; deep neural networks; Embedded systems; Energy consumption; Energy efficiency; Footprints; healthcare; Heart rate; Heart Rate - physiology; Hearth rate monitoring; Inertial sensing devices; Microcontrollers; Monitoring; Photoplethysmography; quantization; Sensors; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Wearable computers; Wearable devices; Wearable Electronic Devices; Wearable technology; Wrist
• ISSN: 1932-4545; 1940-9990; 1940-9990
• DOI: 10.1109/TBCAS.2021.3122017

Hearth Rate (HR) monitoring is increasingly performed in wrist-worn devices using low-cost photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors. However, Motion Artifacts (MAs) caused by movements of the subject's arm affect the performance of PPG-based HR tracking. This is typically addressed coupling the PPG signal with acceleration measurements from an inertial sensor. Unfortunately, most standard approaches of this kind rely on hand-tuned parameters, which impair their generalization capabilities and their applicability to real data in the field. In contrast, methods based on deep learning, despite their better generalization, are considered to be too complex to deploy on wearable devices. In this work, we tackle these limitations, proposing a design space exploration methodology to automatically generate a rich family of deep Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCNs) for HR monitoring, all derived from a single "seed" model. Our flow involves a cascade of two Neural Architecture Search (NAS) tools and a hardware-friendly quantizer, whose combination yields both highly accurate and extremely lightweight models. When tested on the PPG-Dalia dataset, our most accurate model sets a new state-of-the-art in Mean Absolute Error. Furthermore, we deploy our TCNs on an embedded platform featuring a STM32WB55 microcontroller, demonstrating their suitability for real-time execution. Our most accurate quantized network achieves 4.41 Beats Per Minute (BPM) of Mean Absolute Error (MAE), with an energy consumption of 47.65 mJ and a memory footprint of 412 kB. At the same time, the smallest network that obtains a MAE <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">< </tex-math></inline-formula> 8 BPM, among those generated by our flow, has a memory footprint of 1.9 kB and consumes just 1.79 mJ per inference.