FGM and Restorative Justice—A Challenge for Developing Countries and for Refugee Women

• Published in: International journal of environmental research and public health Vol. 18; no. 17; p. 8913
• Main Authors: Wenzel, Thomas, Kizilhan, Jan Ilhan, Alksiri, Reem, Dörfler, Daniela, Messerschmidt, Eva Jana, Chen, Anthony Fu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 24.08.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Clitoris; Concept Paper; Developing countries; Female circumcision; Genital mutilation; Human rights; Infections; Interdisciplinary aspects; International standards; LDCs; Pain; Psychological factors; Public health; Refugees; Vagina; Womens health; Belgium; Italy
• ISSN: 1660-4601; 1661-7827; 1660-4601
• DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178913

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) has been identified as one of the most serious human rights violations women are exposed to in many countries, in spite of national and international efforts. The actual implementation of preventive strategies and support of victims faces a number of challenges that can only be addressed by an interdisciplinary approach integrating public health and legal considerations. FGM in the context of women as refugees who left their country to escape FGM has rarely been covered in this context. This article summarizes the most important international standards and initiatives against FGM, highlights the medical, legal, and psychological factors identified so far, and explores the interdisciplinary considerations in changing a country and society to permit safe return of those escaping FGM to third countries and support public health in the country.