FGM and Restorative Justice—A Challenge for Developing Countries and for Refugee Women

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) has been identified as one of the most serious human rights violations women are exposed to in many countries, in spite of national and international efforts. The actual implementation of preventive strategies and support of victims faces a number of challenges that c...

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Published inInternational journal of environmental research and public health Vol. 18; no. 17; p. 8913
Main Authors Wenzel, Thomas, Kizilhan, Jan Ilhan, Alksiri, Reem, Dörfler, Daniela, Messerschmidt, Eva Jana, Chen, Anthony Fu
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 24.08.2021
MDPI
Subjects
Clitoris
Concept Paper
Developing countries
Female circumcision
Genital mutilation
Human rights
Infections
Interdisciplinary aspects
International standards
LDCs
Pain
Psychological factors
Public health
Refugees
Vagina
Womens health
Belgium
Italy
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Summary:Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) has been identified as one of the most serious human rights violations women are exposed to in many countries, in spite of national and international efforts. The actual implementation of preventive strategies and support of victims faces a number of challenges that can only be addressed by an interdisciplinary approach integrating public health and legal considerations. FGM in the context of women as refugees who left their country to escape FGM has rarely been covered in this context. This article summarizes the most important international standards and initiatives against FGM, highlights the medical, legal, and psychological factors identified so far, and explores the interdisciplinary considerations in changing a country and society to permit safe return of those escaping FGM to third countries and support public health in the country.
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ISSN:1660-4601
1661-7827
1660-4601
DOI:10.3390/ijerph18178913