Semantic Fluency and Phonemic Fluency: Regression-based Norms for the Portuguese Population

The main goal of this study was to produce adjusted normative data for the Portuguese population on two verbal fluency measures: the semantic fluency test (animals category) and the phonemic fluency test (letters M, R, and P). The study included 950 community-dwelling individuals (624 women and 326...

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Published inArchives of clinical neuropsychology Vol. 28; no. 3; pp. 262 - 271
Main Authors CAVACO, Sara, GONCALVES, Alexandra, PINTO, Cláudia, ALMEIDA, Eduarda, GOMES, Filomena, MOREIRA, Inês, FERNANDES, Joana, TEIXEIRA-PINTO, Armando
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford Oxford University Press 01.05.2013
Subjects
Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Algorithms
Biological and medical sciences
Educational Status
Female
Humans
Male
Medical sciences
Middle Aged
Phonetics
Portugal
Psychological Tests
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychometrics. Diagnostic aid systems
Psychopathology. Psychiatry
Reference Values
Semantics
Techniques and methods
Verbal Behavior
Portugal
Europe
Human
Verbal fluency disorders
Verbal fluency
Cognitive disorder
Education level
Neuropsychological test
Educational achievement
Standardization
Psychometrics
Cognition
Test reliability
Standards
Language disorder
Language
Sociodemographic factor
Semantics
Neuropsychological tests
Phoneme
Reliability
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Summary:The main goal of this study was to produce adjusted normative data for the Portuguese population on two verbal fluency measures: the semantic fluency test (animals category) and the phonemic fluency test (letters M, R, and P). The study included 950 community-dwelling individuals (624 women and 326 men) aged between 18 and 98 (mean = 57.8, SD = 19.0), who had educational backgrounds ranging from 0 to 20 years (mean = 8.8, SD = 5.2). The results showed that age and education were significantly associated with semantic fluency and phonemic fluency performance. These demographic characteristics accounted for 42% of the semantic fluency and between 23% and 31% of the phonemic fluency performance variance. No significant sex effects were found. The normative data are presented as regression-based algorithms to adjust test scores for age and education, with subsequent correspondence between adjusted scores and percentile distribution.
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ISSN:0887-6177
1873-5843
DOI:10.1093/arclin/act001