Sexual dimorphism in growth in the relative length of the forearm and relative knee height during adolescence

• Published in: American journal of physical anthropology Vol. 161; no. 2; pp. 276 - 282
• Main Authors: Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia, Koziel, Slawomir
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.10.2016; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: adaptation; Adolescent; Adolescent Development - physiology; Age; Anthropometry; body length proportions; Child development; Female; forearm; Forearm - anatomy & histology; Forearm - growth & development; Gender differences; Humans; Knee - anatomy & histology; Knee - growth & development; knee height; Leg - anatomy & histology; Leg - growth & development; Longitudinal Studies; Male; maturation; Sex Characteristics; adaptation; maturation; forearm; body length proportions; knee height
• ISSN: 0002-9483; 1096-8644; 2692-7691
• DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23028

There are numerous studies concerning sexual dimorphism in body proportions, but only a few have investigated growth in the relative length of particular segments of the upper and lower limbs during adolescence. The aim of the study is an assessment of sex differences of longitudinal growth in the relative length of the forearm and knee height among adolescents. Sample involved 121 boys and 111 girls, participants of the Wroclaw Growth Study, examined annually between 8 and 18 years of age. Sexual dimorphism in six ratios: forearm length and knee height relatively to: trunk, height, and limb length were analyzed using a two‐way analysis of variance with repeated measurements. The sex and age relative to an estimate of maturity timing (3 years before, and after age class at peak height velocity [PHV]) were independent variables. All of the ratios showed significant sex differences in interaction with age relative to age at PHV. The relative length of the forearm, in boys, did not change significantly with the years relative to age at PHV, whereas in girls, was the lowest in the two first age classes and afterward significantly increased just 1 year before and during the adolescent growth spurt, remaining unchanged in further age classes. For relative knee height no clear pattern for sex differences was noticed. It is proposed that relatively longer forearms, particularly in relation to the trunk in girls, could have evolved as an adaptation to more efficient infant carrying and protection during breastfeeding.