Smoking induced heavy metals and periodontitis: findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008-2010
Aim Exposure to hazardous heavy metals such as cadmium and lead may contribute to increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the periodontal tissue. We aimed to evaluate the association between serum cadmium and lead levels and periodontitis. Materials & Methods Pooled cross‐sectional data f...
Saved in:
Published in | Journal of clinical periodontology Vol. 40; no. 9; pp. 850 - 858 |
---|---|
Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
United States
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.09.2013
|
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
Summary: | Aim
Exposure to hazardous heavy metals such as cadmium and lead may contribute to increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the periodontal tissue. We aimed to evaluate the association between serum cadmium and lead levels and periodontitis.
Materials & Methods
Pooled cross‐sectional data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008–2010 were used. Periodontitis was defined as WHO community periodontal index. Active smokers were defined as self‐reported current smokers or those with measured urine cotinine ≥164 ng/ml measurements. Serum cadmium and lead levels were measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) for periodontitis.
Results
The mean cadmium and lead levels were significantly higher in the periodontitis group compared with control population. A progressive increase in serum heavy metals were found as the number of sextants with periodontitis. The ORs for periodontitis were significantly associated with serum cadmium (OR = 1.37; 95% CI 1.00–1.87) and lead levels (OR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.15–2.21). The association between periodontitis and smoking was attenuated after adjusting for serum cadmium concentration.
Conclusions
We demonstrated a significant association between periodontitis and serum cadmium and lead concentrations. Cadmium appeared to partially mediate the association between smoking and periodontitis. |
---|---|
Bibliography: | ark:/67375/WNG-GL818XPM-7 ArticleID:JCPE12133 istex:A032BBAC345F7EC7828791F6FA824ED2B48FBD53 Conflict of interest and source of funding statement The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. No external funding was received for this study. ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
ISSN: | 0303-6979 1600-051X |
DOI: | 10.1111/jcpe.12133 |