Identification of Acetomycin as an Antifungal Agent Produced by Termite Gut-Associated Streptomycetes against Pyrrhoderma noxium

• Published in: Antibiotics (Basel) Vol. 13; no. 1; p. 45
• Main Authors: Adra, Cherrihan, Tran, Trong D, Foster, Keith, Tomlin, Russell, Kurtböke, D İpek
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.01.2024
• Subjects: acetomycin; actinomycetes; Antifungal activity; Antifungal agents; Antimicrobial agents; Biological control; Chemical control; Compression tests; Compressive strength; Crystallography; Crystals; Data analysis; Fermentation; Fungi; Fungicides; Gram-positive bacteria; Investigations; Metabolism; Metabolites; Metabolomics; Microorganisms; Natural products; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Pathogens; Pyrrhoderma noxium; Root rot; Streptomyces; Streptomycetes; Symbionts; termite gut symbiosis; Termites; Trees; X-ray crystallography; metabolomics; termite gut symbiosis; Streptomyces; acetomycin; antifungal compounds; Pyrrhoderma noxium; actinomycetes; streptomycetes; nuclear magnetic resonance
• ISSN: 2079-6382; 2079-6382
• DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010045

Plant fungal pathogen is responsible for the destructive and invasive disease of brown root rot currently affecting the city of Brisbane, Australia. In order to address this issue, environmentally friendly and safe alternatives to chemical control are preferred due to the city's public setting. Antifungal natural products are ideal candidates as biological control alternatives and can be detected through investigating the metabolomes of microbial symbionts. Within this study, an NMR-based metabolomics approach was applied to fermentation extracts obtained from 15 termite gut-associated streptomycetes. By analysing the NMR spectra, six of the extracts which displayed similar chemical profiles exhibited antifungal activity against the pathogen. The major compound within these extracts was identified as acetomycin using NMR and X-ray crystallography analyses. This is the first reporting of acetomycin as a potential natural product fungicide, particularly as an antifungal agent against . Inhibitory activity was also found against other important fungal crop pathogens, including , , and . Further experimentation using a woodblock test found inhibitory activity on the growth of the pathogen for up to 3 weeks and a significant difference in the integrity of the woodblocks when conducting compression strength tests after 6 weeks. Therefore, acetomycin may be used as a biological control agent and natural product fungicide against .