Investigation of the Superoxide Anion-Triggered Chemiluminescence of Coelenterazine Analogs

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anion, are involved in regulating various signaling pathways and are also responsible for oxidative stress. Sensing superoxide anion is of particular importance due to its biological significance. One potential approach is to use Coelenterazine as...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inApplied sciences Vol. 13; no. 11; p. 6617
Main Authors Erbiai, El Hadi, González-Berdullas, Patricia, Esteves da Silva, Joaquim C. G, Pinto da Silva, Luís
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 01.05.2023
Subjects
Analogs
Anions
Aqueous solutions
Chemiluminescence
Coelenterazine
imidazopyrazinones
Investigations
Light emission
luminescence
Oxidation
Oxidative stress
Phenols
Potassium
reactive oxygen species
Signal transduction
Solvents
Spectrum analysis
Superoxide
superoxide anion
Superoxide anions
Temperature
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Summary:Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anion, are involved in regulating various signaling pathways and are also responsible for oxidative stress. Sensing superoxide anion is of particular importance due to its biological significance. One potential approach is to use Coelenterazine as a chemiluminescent probe for the dynamic sensing of this ROS. In this study, we investigated the superoxide anion-triggered chemiluminescence of native Coelenterazine and two halogenated analogs and found that they showed a ~100-fold enhancement of light emission in aqueous solution, which was significantly reduced in methanol and nonexistent in aprotic solvents. In fact, Coelenterazine showed more intense light emission in aprotic solvents and, interestingly, although the light emission of the analogs seemed relatively unaffected by the solvents, their chemiluminescence was significantly quenched in water compared to methanol and, especially, to aprotic media. This suggests that the quenching effect observed for Coelenterazine is responsible for the differences in aqueous media, rather than an intrinsic enhanced emission by the analogs. In summary, we present Coelenterazine analogs that could serve as a basis for enhanced sensing of superoxide anion, providing information that could further our understanding of this chemiluminescent system.
ISSN:2076-3417
2076-3417
DOI:10.3390/app13116617