Deep 1D-Convnet for accurate Parkinson disease detection and severity prediction from gait

• Published in: Expert systems with applications Vol. 143; p. 113075
• Main Authors: El Maachi, Imanne, Bilodeau, Guillaume-Alexandre, Bouachir, Wassim
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Elsevier Ltd 01.04.2020; Elsevier BV
• Subjects: 1D-Convnet; Abnormalities; Algorithms; Artificial neural networks; Classification; Deep learning; Diagnosis; Gait; Gait recognition; Machine learning; Neural networks; Parkinson; Parkinson's disease; Physicians; Signal processing; Signs and symptoms; Vertical forces; Deep learning; Gait; 1D-Convnet; Parkinson; Classification
• ISSN: 0957-4174; 1873-6793
• DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2019.113075

•A novel method for automatic detection of Parkinson disease and severity prediction.•1D-Convnet architecture specifically designed to process signals from foot sensors.•Parkinsonian gate is detected without manual feature extraction.•We achieved improved accuracy compared to recent state-of-the art algorithms. Diagnosing Parkinson’s disease is a complex task that requires the evaluation of several motor and non-motor symptoms. During diagnosis, gait abnormalities are among the important symptoms that physicians should consider. However, gait evaluation is challenging and relies on the expertise and subjectivity of clinicians. In this context, the use of an intelligent gait analysis algorithm may assist physicians in order to facilitate the diagnosis process. This paper proposes a novel intelligent Parkinson detection system based on deep learning techniques to analyze gait information. We used 1D convolutional neural network (1D-Convnet) to build a Deep Neural Network (DNN) classifier. The proposed model processes 18 1D-signals coming from foot sensors measuring the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF). The first part of the network consists of 18 parallel 1D-Convnet corresponding to system inputs. The second part is a fully connected network that connects the concatenated outputs of the 1D-Convnets to obtain a final classification. We tested our algorithm in Parkinson’s detection and in the prediction of the severity of the disease with the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Our experiments demonstrate the high efficiency of the proposed method in the detection of Parkinson disease based on gait data. The proposed algorithm achieved an accuracy of 98.7%. To our knowledge, this is the state-of-the-start performance in Parkinson’s gait recognition. Furthermore, we achieved an accuracy of 85.3% in Parkinson’s severity prediction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first algorithm to perform a severity prediction based on the UPDRS. These results show that the model is able to learn intrinsic characteristics from gait data and to generalize to unseen subjects, which could be helpful in a clinical diagnosis.