In-depth knowledge of the low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite from waste green mussel shell (Perna Viridis)

• Published in: Environmental technology Vol. 45; no. 12; pp. 2375 - 2387
• Main Authors: Prihanto, A., Muryanto, S., Sancho Vaquer, A., Schmahl, W.W., Ismail, R., Jamari, J., Bayuseno, A.P.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Taylor & Francis 24.05.2024; Taylor & Francis Ltd
• Subjects: Ammonium hydroxide; Animals; Aragonite; calcination; Calcite; Calcium; Calcium carbonate; Calcium Carbonate - chemistry; Calcium carbonates; Carbonates; Carbonation; Crystals; Durapatite; green mussel shells; Hydrothermal crystal growth; Hydrothermal method; Hydroxyapatite; Industrial development; Low temperature; Mollusks; Nanoparticles; Perna - chemistry; Phosphoric acid; Powder; Powders; Raw materials; Roasting; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Temperature; Wastes; green mussel shells; hydroxyapatite; Hydrothermal method; calcination; calcium carbonate
• ISSN: 0959-3330; 1479-487X
• DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2173087

This study presents the use of a low-temperature hydrothermal method for extracting calcium sources from green mussel shell (P. Viridis) wastes and converting them into synthetic nanosized hydroxyapatite (HA). In this study, raw mussel shells were washed, pulverised, and sieved to start producing a fine calcium carbonate-rich powder. XRD quantitative analysis confirmed that the powder contains 97.6 wt. % aragonite. This powder was then calcined for 5 h at 900 °C to remove water, salt, and mud, yielding a calcium-rich feedstock with major minerals of calcite (68.7 wt.%), portlandite (24.7 wt.%), and minor aragonite (6.5 wt.%). The calcined powders were dissolved in aqueous stock solutions of HNO 3 and NH 4 OH before hydrothermally reacting with phosphoric acid [(NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 ], yielding pure, nanoscale (16-18 nm) carbonated HA crystals, according to XRD, FT-IR, and SEM analyses. The use of a low-temperature hydrothermal method for a feedstock powder produced by the calcination of low-cost mussel shell wastes would be a valuable processing approach for the industry's development of large-scale hydroxyapatite nanoparticle production.