Prevalence of Stigma and Discrimination Amongst Men Who have Sex with Men (MSM) and Transgender Women (Waria) in Bali, Indonesia

• Published in: Journal of homosexuality Vol. 71; no. 6; pp. 1419 - 1441
• Main Authors: Septarini, Ni Wayan, Chih, HuiJun, Hendriks, Jacqueline, Maycock, Bruce, Burns, Sharyn
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Routledge 11.05.2024; Taylor & Francis LLC
• Subjects: Bisexuality; Demography; developing country; Discrimination; Employment; Employment discrimination; Experience; Families & family life; Heterosexuality; Men who have sex with men; mixed methods; MSM; Sociodemographics; Stigma; Transgender persons; transgender women; waria; Bali Indonesia; Indonesia; stigma; Discrimination; developing country; mixed methods; MSM; transgender women; waria
• ISSN: 0091-8369; 1540-3602
• DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2174470

Men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (waria) in Indonesia experience stigma and discrimination. The prevalence of stigma and discrimination experienced by 416 MSM and waria living in Bali, Indonesia and associations with socio-demographic characteristics are described. High levels of stigma were reported by 50.5% of MSM and 62.7% of waria. Discrimination was reported by 35.5% of MSM and 72.4% of waria. Family rejection, or no family awareness of MSM status, equated to higher levels of stigma compared to those where MSM status was accepted. Homosexual and bisexual waria reported lower odds of experiencing stigma compared to heterosexual waria. MSM who were not single were twice as likely to experience discrimination compared to single participants. Non-Hindu MSM were nearly three times as likely to experience discrimination compared to Hindu participants. Waria who were studying were less likely to experience discrimination compared to those who reported regular employment jobs. Specific policy and practice to reduce experiences of stigma and/or discrimination specific to MSM and waria are needed.