Role of microenvironmental acidity and tumor exosomes in cancer immunomodulation

Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex milieu in which tumor grows, develops and progresses through a complex bi-directional cross-talk with immune-, stromal cells, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this context, tumor-derived exosomes (TE) drive the fate of tumor cells through a stimulatory...

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Published inTranslational cancer research Vol. 9; no. 9; pp. 5775 - 5786
Main Authors Boussadia, Zaira, Zanetti, Cristiana, Parolini, Isabella
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published China AME Publishing Company 01.09.2020
Subjects
Review on Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Cancer Progression and Cancer Therapy
immunomodulation
Microenvironmental acidity
cancer
exosomes
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Summary:Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex milieu in which tumor grows, develops and progresses through a complex bi-directional cross-talk with immune-, stromal cells, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this context, tumor-derived exosomes (TE) drive the fate of tumor cells through a stimulatory or inhibitory role on immune system. In fact, TE can induce the apoptosis of cells of the immune surveillance, and enhance the proliferation and survival of stromal cells that sustain tumor development. However, depending on the molecular cargo, TE are also able to stimulate anti-tumor immune response. TME is mainly characterized by the acidic pH that contributes to tumor development, through multiple mechanisms. Among these, the impairment of tumor immune surveillance does occur within acidic TME, and is directly mediated by acidic pH or by molecular cargo carried by TE. Little is known about the role of TE in immunomodulation in acidic conditions. The present review summarizes the studies describing the role of microenvironmental acidity and TE in immune system modulation.
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Contributions: (I) Conception and design: Z Boussadia, I Parolini; (II) Administrative support: All authors; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: All authors; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: All authors; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.
ISSN:2218-676X
2219-6803
DOI:10.21037/tcr.2020.03.69