Effect of periodontal phenotype characteristics on post‐extraction dimensional changes of the alveolar ridge: A prospective case series

• Published in: Journal of clinical periodontology Vol. 50; no. 5; pp. 694 - 706
• Main Authors: Couso‐Queiruga, Emilio, Graham, Zachary A., Peter, Tabitha, Gonzalez‐Martin, Oscar, Galindo‐Moreno, Pablo, Avila‐Ortiz, Gustavo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.05.2023
• Subjects: Alveolar bone; alveolar bone loss; Alveolar Bone Loss - diagnostic imaging; Alveolar Bone Loss - etiology; Alveolar Process - diagnostic imaging; Alveolar Process - surgery; Alveolar Ridge Augmentation - methods; Bone loss; bone resorption; Dental Care; Digital imaging; digital imaging/radiography; Humans; Jaw; Periodontium; Phenotype; Phenotypes; Root resorption; Teeth; Tooth Extraction; Tooth Socket - surgery; phenotype; alveolar bone loss; digital imaging/radiography; tooth extraction; bone resorption
• ISSN: 0303-6979; 1600-051X
• DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13781

Aim This study was primarily aimed at assessing the effect that specific periodontal phenotypical characteristics have on alveolar ridge remodelling after tooth extraction. Materials and Methods Patients in need of extraction of a non‐molar maxillary tooth were enrolled. Baseline phenotypical characteristics (i.e., mid‐facial and mid‐palatal soft tissue and bone thickness, and supracrestal soft tissue height [STH]) were recorded upon extraction. A set of clinical, digital imaging (linear and volumetric), and patient‐reported outcomes were assessed over a 14‐week healing period. Results A total of 78 subjects were screened. Forty‐two subjects completed the study. Linear and volumetric bone changes, as well as vertical linear soft tissue and alveolar ridge volume (soft tissue contour) variations, were indicative of a marked dimensional reduction of the alveolar ridge over time. Horizontal facial and palatal soft tissue thickness gain was observed. Thin facial bone (≤1 mm) upon extraction, compared with thick facial bone (>1 mm), was associated with greater linear horizontal (−4.57 ± 2.31 mm vs. –2.17 ± 1.65 mm, p = .003) and vertical mid‐facial (−0.95 ± 0.67 mm vs. –4.08 ± 3.52 mm, p < 0.001) and mid‐palatal (−2.03 ± 2.08 mm vs. –1.12 ± 0.99 mm, p = 0.027) bone loss, as well as greater total (−34% ± 10% vs. 15% ± 6%, p < 0.001), facial (−51% ± 19% vs. 28% ± 18%, p = 0.040), and palatal bone volume reduction (−26% ± 14% vs. –8% ± 10%, p < 0.001). Aside from alveolar bone thickness, STH was also found to be a predictor of alveolar ridge resorption since this variable was directly correlated with bone volume reduction. Patient‐reported discomfort scores progressively decreased over time, and the mean satisfaction upon study completion was 94.5 ± 0.83 out of 100. Conclusions Alveolar ridge remodelling is a physiological phenomenon that occurs after tooth extraction. Post‐extraction alveolar ridge atrophy is more marked on the facio‐coronal aspect. These dimensional changes are more pronounced in sites exhibiting a thin facial bone phenotype (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02668289).