Effects of convective available potential energy, temperature and humidity on the variability of thunderstorm frequency over Bangladesh

• Published in: Theoretical and applied climatology Vol. 147; no. 1-2; pp. 325 - 346
• Main Authors: Wahiduzzaman, Md, Ali, Md. Arfan, Luo, Jing-Jia, Wang, Yu, Uddin, Md. Jalal, Shahid, Shamsuddin, Islam, A. R. M. Towfiqul, Mondal, Sanjit Kumar, Siddiki, Ubaydur Rahaman, Bilal, Muhammad, Qiu, Zhongfeng, Dambul, Ramzah, Eibek, Kutubuddin, Haque, Md. Emdadul
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Vienna Springer Vienna 2022; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Analysis; Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Atmospheric Sciences; Climate science; Climatology; Convective available potential energy; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Force and energy; Humidity; Humidity data; Management planning; Monsoons; Original Paper; Orthogonal functions; Potential energy; Storms; Temperature; Temperature effects; Temperature rise; Thunderstorms; Variability; Waste Water Technology; Water Management; Water Pollution Control; Weather; Bangladesh; Empirical orthogonal function; Temperature; Bangladesh; Thunderstorm; CAPE; Humidity
• ISSN: 0177-798X; 1434-4483
• DOI: 10.1007/s00704-021-03833-4

The present study examines the effects of convective available potential energy (CAPE), temperature and humidity on the spatiotemporal variation of thunderstorm (TS) frequency over Bangladesh using an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) approach. TS and CAPE, temperature, humidity data have been used for 38-year (1980–2017) and collected from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department and ERA-40 reanalysis, respectively. Mann-Kendall nonparametric trend test, Sen’s slope, Pearson’s correlation and EOF modes are applied to understand the variability of TS and the effects of CAPE, temperature and humidity on it. Results show a decrease in TS frequency in Bangladesh at a rate of −0.408/year annually and − 0.384/year during pre-monsoon, when it is most prevalent. The TS frequency spatially varies widely over Bangladesh. The present study shows an increase in TS in the areas where it is less prevalent and a decrease in the areas where it occurs more. CAPE shows a decreasing trend during winter and an increasing trend during post-monsoon and at an annual scale. TS frequency is positively correlated with CAPE and humidity and negatively with temperature. Therefore, the rising temperature may be the cause of decreasing TS frequency in Bangladesh. The findings can be useful for hazard management planning in Bangladesh.