Negative expertise in conditions of manufactured ignorance: epistemic strategies, virtues and skills

• Published in: Synthese (Dordrecht) Vol. 198; no. 4; pp. 3873 - 3891
• Main Authors: Parviainen, Jaana, Lahikainen, Lauri
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.04.2021; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Cultural values; Education; Epistemology; Experts; False information; Feminism; Ignorance; Knowing the Unknown; Knowing the Unknown: Philosophical Perspectives on Ignorance; Logic; Metaphysics; Philosophy; Philosophy of Language; Philosophy of Science; Skills; Social processes; Social values; Sociology; Sociology of knowledge; Testimony; Epistemic strategies; Negative expertise; Manufactured ignorance; Agnotology; Epistemic virtues and vices
• ISSN: 0039-7857; 1573-0964
• DOI: 10.1007/s11229-019-02315-5

This paper is motivated by the need to respond to the spread of influential misinformation and manufactured ignorance, which places pressure on the work of experts in various sectors. To meet this need, the paper discusses the conditions required for expert testimony to evolve a reconceptualisation of negative capability as a new form of epistemic humility. In this regard, professional knowledge formation is not considered to be separate from the institutional and social processes and values that uphold its production. Drawing attention to the structural and relational aspects of ignorance, as opposed to the individualistic and internal aspects, we rely on the sociology of knowledge, the social epistemologies and the feminist epistemologies that have played a fundamental role in the development of the investigation of ignorance. First, we analyse the criteria for epistemic humility based on prior theoretical discussions concerning negative knowledge as a form of reflective practice. Then, we seek to determine what kinds of strategies, virtues and skills experts need to have so as to ‘manage ignorance’ in socially complex situations. Finally, we suggest the reformulation of negative expertise as a phronetic skill for navigating through situations of ignorance and uncertainty in an epistemically and socially responsible manner.