Oral injuries in children less than 24 months of age in a pediatric emergency department

• Published in: Child abuse & neglect Vol. 89; pp. 70 - 77
• Main Authors: Woolf, Seth M., Leventhal, John M., Gaither, Julie R., Hardikar, Priyanka, Langhan, Melissa L., Bechtel, Kirsten, Auerbach, Marc A., Tiyyagura, Gunjan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.03.2019; Elsevier Science Ltd
• Subjects: Child; Child abuse; Child abuse & neglect; Child Abuse - diagnosis; Child, Preschool; Children; Complaints; Decision Making; Departments; Emergency medical care; Emergency medicine; Emergency Service, Hospital - statistics & numerical data; Emergency services; Evaluation; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Injuries; Male; Medicine; Mouth; Mouth - injuries; Observational studies; Oral injury; Patients; Pediatric trauma; Pediatrics; Physical Abuse - prevention & control; Physicians; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Sentinel injury; Trauma; Trauma centers; Young Children; Pediatric trauma; Oral injury; Child abuse; Sentinel injury; Emergency medicine
• ISSN: 0145-2134; 1873-7757
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.006

Oral injuries in young children may indicate physical abuse. The prevalence of oral injuries in young children presenting to the emergency department is unknown. These data would assist providers in making decisions about the need for further abuse evaluation. To determine the prevalence of oral injuries, associated chief complaints and characteristics, and frequency of abuse evaluations in children younger than 24 months presenting to a pediatric emergency department (PED). Participants and Setting: Twelve pediatric emergency medicine physicians consecutively enrolled children younger than 24 months in a tertiary care PED. We performed a prospective observational study. Enrolled patients underwent a complete oral examination. Providers recorded patient demographics, type of chief complaint, oral injury details, developmental ability, and the presence of an abuse evaluation. Oral injuries occurred in 36/1303 (2.8%, 95% CI 1.9–3.8%) and were more common in patients with traumatic (26/200, 13%) versus medical chief complaints (10/1,103, 0.9%) (p < .001). Of patients with oral injuries (36), 78% were mobile and 72% had traumatic chief complaints. Nine (25%) children with oral injuries were evaluated for abuse. Oral injuries in children 0–11 months old were more likely to be evaluated for abuse than children 12–24 months old (70.0% vs. 7.7%, p < .001). The prevalence of oral injuries in children <24 months old presenting to a PED was low. Most occurred in mobile children and in children with traumatic chief complaints. Younger, non-mobile children with oral injuries had a higher likelihood of having an abuse evaluation.