An expanding locally anisotropic (ELA) metric describing matter in an expanding universe

• Published in: Physics letters. B Vol. 684; no. 2-3; pp. 73 - 76
• Main Author: Castelo Ferreira, P.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier B.V 08.02.2010; Elsevier
• Subjects: Effective equation of state; Exact sciences and technology; Expanding universe; Nuclear physics; Physics; Relativity and gravitation; The physics of elementary particles and fields; Expanding universe; Relativity and gravitation; Effective equation of state; Naked singularity; Light velocity; Schwarzschild metric; Energy density; Scale factor; Robertson Walker metric; Space-time; Solid angle; Equations of state; Cosmology; Event horizon; Corrections; Momentum density; Flat metric
• ISSN: 0370-2693; 1873-2445
• DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2010.01.001

It is suggested an expanding locally anisotropic metric (ELA) ansatz describing matter in a flat expanding universe which interpolates between the Schwarzschild (SC) metric near point-like central bodies of mass M and the Robertson–Walker (RW) metric for large radial coordinate:ds2=Zc2dt2−1Z(dr1−Hr1cZα2+12cdt)2−r12dΩ, where Z=1−USC with USC=2GM/(c2r1), G is the Newton constant, c is the speed of light, H=H(t)=a˙/a is the time-dependent Hubble rate, dΩ=dθ2+sin2θdφ2 is the solid angle element, a is the universe scale factor and we are employing the coordinates r1=ar, being r the radial coordinate for which the RW metric is diagonal. For constant exponent α=α0=0 it is retrieved the isotropic McVittie (McV) metric and for α=α0=1 it is retrieved the locally anisotropic Cosmological-Schwarzschild (SCS) metric, both already discussed in the literature. However it is shown that only for constant exponent α=α0>1 exists an event horizon at the SC radius r1=2GM/c2 and only for α=α0⩾3 space–time is singularity free for this value of the radius. These bounds exclude the previous existing metrics, for which the SC radius is a naked extended singularity. In addition it is shown that for α=α0>5 space–time is approximately Ricci flat in a neighborhood of the event horizon such that the SC metric is a good approximation in this neighborhood. It is further shown that to strictly maintain the SC mass-pole at the origin r1=0 without the presence of more severe singularities it is required a radial coordinate-dependent correction to the exponent α(r1)=α0+α12GM/(c2r1) with a negative coefficient α1<0. The energy-momentum density, pressures and equation of state are discussed.