Self-healing, stretchable, and highly adhesive hydrogels for epidermal patch electrodes

• Published in: Acta biomaterialia Vol. 139; pp. 296 - 306
• Main Authors: Zhou, Xin, Rajeev, Ashna, Subramanian, Arunprabaharan, Li, Yang, Rossetti, Nicolò, Natale, Giovanniantonio, Lodygensky, Gregory A., Cicoira, Fabio
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.02.2022; Elsevier BV
• Subjects: Additives; Adhesion; Adhesives; Animals; Biocompatibility; Bioelectronics; Borax; Conducting polymers; EKG; Electric Conductivity; Electrical conductivity; Electrical resistivity; Electrocardiography; Electrodes; Electromyography; Fabrication; Gels; Hydrogels; Mechanical properties; Modulus of elasticity; PEDOT:PSS; Pigskins; Polymers; Polystyrene; Polystyrene resins; Polyvinyl Alcohol; Screen printing; Self healing materials; Self-healing; Skin; Sodium tetraborate; Softness; Strain gauges; Stretchability; Swine; Tissues; Bioelectronics; Self-healing; Hydrogels; Adhesion; PEDOT:PSS
• ISSN: 1742-7061; 1878-7568
• DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.069

Flexible, self-healing and adhesive conductive materials with Young's modulus matching biological tissues are highly desired for applications in bioelectronics. Here, we report self-healing, stretchable, highly adhesive and conductive hydrogels obtained by mixing polyvinyl alcohol, sodium tetraborate and a screen printing paste containing the conducting polymer Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and diol additives. The as prepared hydrogels exhibited modelling ability, high adhesion on pig skin (1.96 N/cm2), high plastic stretchability (>10000%), a moderate conductivity, a low compressive modulus (0.3−3.7 KPa), a good strain sensitivity (gauge factor = 3.88 at 500% strain), and remarkable self-healing properties. Epidermal patch electrodes prepared using one of our hydrogels demonstrated high-quality recording of electrocardiography (ECG) and electromyography (EMG) signal. Because of their straightforward fabrication, outstanding mechanical properties and possibility to combine the electrode components in a single material, hydrogels based on PVA, borax and PEDOT:PSS are highly promising for applications in bioelectronics and wearable electronics. Soft materials with electrical conductivity are investigated for healthcare applications, such as electrodes to measure vital signs that can easily adapt to the shape and the movements of human skin. Conductive hydrogels (i.e. gels containing water) are ideal materials for this purpose due softness and flexibility. In this this work, we report hydrogels obtained mixing an electrically conductive polymer, a water-soluble biocompatible polymer and a salt. These materials show high adhesion on skin, electrical conductivity and ability to self-repair after a mechanical damage. These hydrogels were successfully used to fabricate electrode to measure cardiac and muscular electrical signals. [Display omitted]