Hierarchical geographic multicast routing for wireless sensor networks

• Published in: Wireless networks Vol. 16; no. 2; pp. 449 - 466
• Main Authors: Koutsonikolas, Dimitrios, Das, Saumitra M., Hu, Y. Charlie, Stojmenovic, Ivan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Boston Springer US 01.02.2010; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Communications Engineering; Computer Communication Networks; Electrical Engineering; Energy; Engineering; Global positioning systems; GPS; IT in Business; Localization; Maintenance costs; Networks; Optimization; Performance evaluation; Protocol; Routing; Scalability; Sensors; Statelessness; Studies; Wireless networks; Wireless sensor networks; Location-based multicast; Geographic routing; Scalability; Energy
• ISSN: 1022-0038; 1572-8196
• DOI: 10.1007/s11276-008-0146-x

Wireless sensor networks comprise typically dense deployments of large networks of small wireless capable sensor devices. In such networks, multicast is a fundamental routing service for efficient data dissemination required for activities such as code updates, task assignment and targeted queries. In particular, efficient multicast for sensor networks is critical due to the limited energy availability in such networks. Multicast protocols that exploit location information available from GPS or localization algorithms are more efficient and robust than other stateful protocols as they avoid the difficulty of maintaining distributed state (multicast tree). Since localization is typically already required for sensing applications, this location information can simply be reused for optimizing multicast performance at no extra cost. Recently, two protocols were proposed to optimize two orthogonal aspects of location-based multicast protocols: GMR (Sanchez et al. GMR: Geographic multicast routing for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE SECON, 2006) improves the forwarding efficiency by exploiting the wireless multicast advantage but it suffers from scalability issues when dealing with large sensor networks. On the other hand, HRPM (Das et al. Distributed hashing for scalable multicast in wireless ad hoc networks. IEEE TPDS 47(4):445–487, 2007) reduces the encoding overhead by constructing a hierarchy at virtually no maintenance cost via the use of geographic hashing but it is energy-inefficient due to inefficacies in forwarding data packets. In this paper, we present HGMR (hierarchical geographic multicast routing), a new location-based multicast protocol that seamlessly incorporates the key design concepts of GMR and HRPM and optimizes them for wireless sensor networks by providing both forwarding efficiency (energy efficiency) as well as scalability to large networks. Our simulation studies show that: (i) In an ideal environment, HGMR incurs a number of transmissions either very close to or lower than GMR, and, at the same time, an encoding overhead very close to HRPM, as the group size or the network size increases. (ii) In a realistic environment, HGMR, like HRPM, achieves a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) that is close to perfect and much higher than GMR. Further, HGMR has the lowest packet delivery latency among the three protocols, while incurring much fewer packet transmissions than HRPM. (iii) HGMR is equally efficient with both uniform and non-uniform group member distributions.