Inhibition of human class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase, and sensitization of tumor cells that express significant amounts of this enzyme to oxazaphosphorines, by chlorpropamide analogues

• Published in: Biochemical pharmacology Vol. 55; no. 4; pp. 465 - 474
• Main Authors: Rekha, Ganaganur K., Devaraj, Varadahalli R., Sreerama, Lakshmaiah, Lee, Melinda J.C., Nagasawa, Herbert T., Sladek, Norman E.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY Elsevier Inc 15.02.1998; Elsevier Science
• Subjects: aldehyde dehydrogenase; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase - antagonists & inhibitors; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase - classification; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase - metabolism; aldophosphamide; Antineoplastic agents; Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology; Biological and medical sciences; breast cancer; Breast Neoplasms - drug therapy; Breast Neoplasms - enzymology; Carbamates - pharmacology; Chemotherapy; Chlorpropamide - analogs & derivatives; Chlorpropamide - pharmacology; chlorpropamide analogues; cyclophosphamide; Cyclophosphamide - analogs & derivatives; Cyclophosphamide - pharmacology; Drug Resistance; Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology; Female; Gastric Mucosa - enzymology; gossypol; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Medical sciences; oxazaphosphorines; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Sulfonamides - pharmacology; Tumor Cells, Cultured; rALDH-1; rALDH-2; tALDH-3 and nALDH-3; gossypol; ic 50; cyclophosphamide; NPI-1; NPI-2; NPI-3; aldehyde dehydrogenase; API-2; μIU; aldophosphamide; breast cancer; ALDH-1; ALDH-3; MCF-7/0/CAT cells; chlorpropamide analogues; ALDH-2; oxazaphosphorines; yALDH; GAP; drug resistance; GAPDH; lc 90; Adenocarcinoma; Antineoplastic agent; Cytotoxicity; Enzymatic activity; Established cell line; Chlorpropamide; Female; Mammary gland; Negative therapeutic reaction; Tumor cell; Human; Enzyme; Mafosfamide; Enzyme inhibitor; ); Malignant tumor; In vitro; Mammary gland diseases; Chemotherapy; Cyclophosphamide; Oxazaphosphinane derivatives; Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD; Nitrogen mustard; Sulfonylureas; Oxidoreductases
• ISSN: 0006-2952; 1873-2968
• DOI: 10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00475-9

In some cases, acquired as well as constitutive tumor cell resistance to a group of otherwise clinically useful antineoplastic agents collectively referred to as oxazaphosphorines, e.g. cyclophosphamide and mafosfamide, can be accounted for by relatively elevated cellular levels of an enzyme, viz. cytosolic class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-3), that catalyzes their detoxification. Ergo, inhibitors of ALDH-3 could be of clinical value since their inclusion in the therapeutic protocl would be expected to sensitize such cell to these agents. Identified in the present investigation were two chlorpropamide analogues showing promise in that regard, viz. (acetyloxy)[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]carbamic acid 1,1-dimethylethyl ester (NPI-2) and 4-chloro- N-methoxy- N-[(propylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide (API-2). Each inhibited NAD-linked benzaldehyde oxidation catalyzed by ALDH-3s purified from human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7/0/CAT cells ( ic 50 values we were 16 and 0.75 μM, respectively) and human normal stomach mucosa ( ic 50 values were 202 and 5 μM, respectively). The differential sensitivities of stomach mucosa ALDH-3 and breast tumor ALDH-3 to each of the two inhibitors can be viewed as further evidence that the latter is a subtle variant of the former. Human class 1 (ALDH-1) and class 2 (ALDH-2) aldehyde dehydrogenases were much less sensitive to NPI-2; ic 50 values were >300 μM in each case. API-2, however, did not exhibit a similar degree of specificity; ic 50 values for ALDH-1 and ALDH-2 were 7.5 and 0.08 μM, respectively. Each sensitized MCF-7/0/CAT cells to mafosfamide; the lc 90 value decreased from >2 mM to 175 and 200 μM, respectively. Thus, the therapeutic potential of combining NPI-2 or API-2 with oxazaphosphorines is established.