Sodiophilically Graded Gold Coating on Carbon Skeletons for Highly Stable Sodium Metal Anodes

• Published in: Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) Vol. 16; no. 40; pp. e2003815 - n/a
• Main Authors: Wu, Junxiong, Zou, Peichao, Ihsan‐Ul‐Haq, Muhammad, Mubarak, Nauman, Susca, Alessandro, Li, Baohua, Ciucci, Francesco, Kim, Jang‐Kyo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Weinheim Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.10.2020
• Subjects: Anodes; Au coating; Carbon; carbon foam; Dendritic structure; Deposition; Electrode materials; Gold; Gold coatings; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Plating; Short circuits; sodiophilicity gradients; Sodium; sodium metal; Stripping
• ISSN: 1613-6810; 1613-6829; 1613-6829
• DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003815

Metallic sodium (Na) is an appealing anode material for high‐energy Na batteries. However, Na metal suffers from low coulombic efficiencies and severe dendrite growth during plating/stripping cycles, causing short circuits. As an effective strategy to improve the deposition behavior of Na metal, a 3D carbon foam is developed that is sputter‐coated with gold nanoparticles (Au/CF), forming a functional gradient through its thickness. The highly porous Au/CF host is proven to have gradually varying sodiophilicity, which in turn facilitates initially preferential Na deposition on the gold‐rich, sodiophilic region in a “bottom‐up growth” mode, leading to uniform plating over the entire Au/CF host. This finding contrasts with dendrite formation in the pristine CF host, as proven by in situ microscopy. The Na‐predeposited Au/CF (Na@Au/CF) composite anode operates steadily for 1000 h at a low overpotential of ≈20 mV at 2 mA cm−2 in a symmetric cell. When the composite anode is coupled with a Na3V2(PO4)2F3 cathode, the full cell has a high capacity of 102.1 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 2 C. The sodiophilicity gradient design that is explored in this study offers new insight into developing porous Na metal hosts with highly stable plating/stripping performance for next‐generation Na batteries. Sodiophilicity gradient carbon foam skeletons are developed to resolve the locally concentrated deposition of Na on the surface of 3D hosts. Both experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that sodiophilic Au seeds trigger the “bottom‐up growth” of Na toward the top surface, leading to highly stable Na plating/stripping performance.