Clostridia in Insect Processed Animal Proteins—Is an Epidemiological Problem Possible?

• Published in: Agriculture (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 3; p. 270
• Main Authors: Grenda, Tomasz, Kwiatek, Krzysztof, Goldsztejn, Magdalena, Sapała, Magdalena, Kozieł, Nina, Domaradzki, Piotr
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.03.2021
• Subjects: Amino acids; Animal feed; Animal protein; Animals; Bacteria; BoNT-producing Clostridia; Botulinum toxin; Botulinum toxin type D; Botulism; Cattle; Clostridia; Clostridium; Clostridium spp; Contamination; contamination level; Diet; Epidemiology; Evaluation; Feeds; Food sources; Genes; Genomes; Hermetia illucens; insect PAP; Insects; Liquid culture; Livestock; Metabolism; Micronutrients; Nutrition; PCR; Physiology; Plasmids; Poultry; Poultry feed; Proteins; R&D; Research & development; Risk assessment; rRNA 16S; Safety; Salmonella; Species; Statistical methods; Sustainable development; Sustainable materials; Tenebrio molitor; Toxins; Poland
• ISSN: 2077-0472; 2077-0472
• DOI: 10.3390/agriculture11030270

The aim of this study was the evaluation of the insect processed animal protein (IPAP) contamination level by Clostridium spp. Particularly, we screened for the occurrence of pathogenic species of Clostridia. The samples of IPAP were derived from yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) available in the Polish market. The IPAPs were added to experimental feeds for poultry. The differences between the contamination levels of the control (without the addition of IPAP) and experimental (with the addition of IPAP) groups were monitored. The samples were also examined by culture and PCR-based methods to detect 16S rDNA and genes determining botulinum toxin (BoNT) production. Statistical significance was noticed among the feed with the IPAP addition, as well as an increase of contamination by Clostridium spp. In one sample of IPAP, the occurrence of ntnh and bont/D genes determining the production of BoNT/D was noticed. However, a positive result was noticed only at the step of the liquid culture; the Clostridium botulinum type D strain was not isolated. Phenotypically, and according to the 16S rDNA analysis, genetically similar strains to C. botulinum species were isolated. Considering the microbiological safety of IPAP and expanding possibility of its use in livestock animal feed, it seems to be reasonable to provide complex risk assessment on the potential transfer of Clostridia into feed compounds, to assure the safety and sustainable development of insect PAP industry.