Thermoelectric behaviour of Bi-Te films on polymer substrates DC-sputtered at room-temperature in moving web deposition

• Published in: Surface & coatings technology Vol. 385; p. 125393
• Main Authors: Tao, Xudong, Wan, Kening, Deru, Joshua, Bilotti, Emiliano, Assender, Hazel E.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Lausanne Elsevier B.V 15.03.2020; Elsevier BV
• Subjects: Bismuth telluride; Bismuth tellurides; Decoupling; Deposition; Flexible/wearable electronics; Intermetallic compounds; Island growth; Magnetron sputtering; Nanomaterials; Polymer films; Power factor; Quantum confinement; Roll-to-roll processing; Room temperature; Room-temperature sputtering; Seebeck effect; Substrates; Thermoelectric generators; Thermoelectric materials; Thermoelectricity; Thickness; Thin films; Thermoelectric materials; Room-temperature sputtering; Flexible/wearable electronics; Roll-to-roll processing; Bismuth telluride
• ISSN: 0257-8972; 1879-3347
• DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125393

High-throughput roll-to-roll processing could be used to scale up the manufacture of flexible thermoelectric generators. Very thin thermoelectric layers can be manufactured at high throughput speed and low cost and, most importantly, are predicted to possess better thermoelectric properties than thicker layers. Here we present a study on a series of bismuth telluride films of different thickness (few nm to 370 nm), deposited on polymer substrates at room temperature using DC magnetron sputtering. Unlike previous studies of deposition of bismuth telluride films onto heated substrates, an island-growth mode, indicated by AFM, was observed for Bi-Te films grown at room temperature. A period of growth in which the layer only partially coats the substrate, with only imperfect connections between islands, was observed. In this partially coated region, the coating exhibited an extremely high Seebeck coefficient. An energy barrier mechanism, similar to the interface effect in nanomaterials, is proposed to explain this phenomenon, along with a possible quantum confinement effect. We found that a thinner Bi-Te film could generate a greater power factor because of a quasi-decoupling of Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity. In addition, ensuring that the sample passed directly under the sputtering target, and using a substrate smoothed with an acrylate layer were found to improve film properties, thus enhancing thermoelectric behaviour. •Bi-Te films (few nm- 370 nm) was successfully deposited onto a fast moving polymer web using DC magnetron sputtering.•An island-growth mode was observed for Bi-Te film deposited at room temperature by DC magnetron sputtering.•An energy barrier mechanism was proposed to explain the extremely high Seebeck coefficient for a partial Bi-Te coating.•Power factor increased in very thin films dueto a quasi-decoupling of Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity.•Both a high throughput and a high power factor were achieved giving a boost to the commercialisation of flexible TEGs.