Sustainable advances in SLA/DLP 3D printing materials and processes

3D printing is an essential tool for rapid prototyping in a variety of sectors such as automotive and public health. The 3D printing market is booming, and it is projected that it will continue to thrive in the coming years. Unfortunately, this rapid growth has led to an alarming increase in the amo...

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Published inGreen chemistry : an international journal and green chemistry resource : GC Vol. 23; no. 18; pp. 6863 - 6897
Main Authors Maines, Erin M, Porwal, Mayuri K, Ellison, Christopher J, Reineke, Theresa M
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Cambridge Royal Society of Chemistry 21.09.2021
Subjects
3-D printers
Animal products
Biodegradation
Chemical synthesis
Cooking
Cooking oils
Green chemistry
Life cycles
Lignocellulose
Lithography
Mechanical properties
Plastic debris
Plastic pollution
Printing
Public health
Rapid prototyping
Raw materials
Resins
Sustainability
Three dimensional printing
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Summary:3D printing is an essential tool for rapid prototyping in a variety of sectors such as automotive and public health. The 3D printing market is booming, and it is projected that it will continue to thrive in the coming years. Unfortunately, this rapid growth has led to an alarming increase in the amount of 3D printed plastic waste. 3D printing processes such as stereolithography (SLA) and digital light projection (DLP) in particular generally produce petroleum-based thermosets that are further worsening the plastic pollution problem. To mitigate this 3D printed plastic waste, sustainable alternatives to current 3D printing materials must be developed. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the sustainable advances in SLA/DLP 3D printing to date and offers a perspective on future directions to improve sustainability in this field. The entire life cycle of 3D printed parts has been assessed by considering the feedstock selection and the end-of-use of the material. The feedstock selection section details how renewable feedstocks (from lignocellulosic biomass, oils, and animal products) or waste feedstocks ( e.g. , waste cooking oil) have been used to develop SLA/DLP resins. The end-of-use section describes how materials can be reprocessed ( e.g. thermoplastic materials or covalent adaptable networks) or degraded (through enzymatic or acid/base hydrolysis of sensitive linkages) after end-of-use. In addition, studies that have employed green chemistry principles in their resin synthesis and/or have shown their sustainable 3D printed parts to have mechanical properties comparable to commercial materials have been highlighted. This review also investigates how aspects of sustainability such as recycling for feedstock/end-of-use or biodegradation of 3D printed parts in natural environments can be incorporated as future research directions in SLA/DLP. The 3D printing market is booming in various sectors coupled with an alarming increase in 3D printed plastic waste. This review summarizes sustainable advances in SLA/DLP plastic 3D printing to date and offers a perspective for further developments.
Bibliography:Erin Maines received her B.S. degree in Chemical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin in 2017. She is currently a PhD candidate in Chemical Engineering at the University of Minnesota co-advised by Prof. Christopher J. Ellison and Prof. Theresa M. Reineke. Erin's research at the University of Minnesota focuses on improving the sustainability of UV curable 3D printing formulations.
Mayuri Porwal received her B.Tech. degree in Polymer Engineering & Technology (2018) from the Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) in Mumbai, India. At ICT she earned her degree with the highest distinction (Gold Medalist), and received the Golden Jubilee Best ICT Student Award (2018). She is currently a PhD candidate in Materials Engineering at the University of Minnesota under the guidance of Prof. Theresa M. Reineke and Prof. Christopher J. Ellison. Mayuri's research at the University of Minnesota focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and degradation of biomass-derived polyacetals and thermosets.
Professor Chris Ellison is the Zsolt Rumy Innovation Chair of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of Minnesota (UMN). He completed a B.S. in Chemical Engineering (2000) at Iowa State University, and a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering (2005) at Northwestern University. He pursued postdoctoral studies at UMN (2006-2008) before starting his faculty career in the McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin (2008-2016). Professor Ellison's group focuses on fundamental and applied polymer research with foci ranging from materials and processes for microelectronics to sustainable polymer design.
Professor Theresa Reineke is the Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Chemistry at the University of Minnesota. She completed her B.S. in Chemistry/Physics (1995) from the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, and her PhD in Chemistry (2000) at the University of Michigan with Prof. Omar Yaghi. She was also an NIH postdoctoral fellow at Caltech with Prof. Mark Davis (2000-2002). At the University of Minnesota, the Reineke group specializes in areas of nucleic acid delivery, sustainable polymers, and engineering molecule-polymer interactions.
ISSN:1463-9262
1463-9270
DOI:10.1039/d1gc01489g