A Comprehensive Analysis of MicroProteins Reveals Their Potentially Widespread Mechanism of Transcriptional Regulation

Truncated transcription factor-like proteins called microProteins (miPs) can modulate transcription factor activities, thereby increasing transcriptional regulatory complexity. To understand their prevalence, evolution, and function, we predicted over 400 genes that encode putative miPs from Arabido...

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Published inPlant physiology (Bethesda) Vol. 165; no. 1; pp. 149 - 159
Main Authors Magnani, Enrico, de Klein, Niek, Nam, Hye-In, Kim, Jung-Gun, Pham, Kimberly, Fiume, Elisa, Mudgett, Mary Beth, Rhee, Seung Yon
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States American Society of Plant Biologists 01.05.2014
Oxford University Press ; American Society of Plant Biologists
Subjects
Animals
Arabidopsis - genetics
Arabidopsis - immunology
Arabidopsis - metabolism
Arabidopsis Proteins - metabolism
Disease Resistance - immunology
Evolution
Evolution, Molecular
Flowers - physiology
Gene expression regulation
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Genes
GENES, DEVELOPMENT, AND EVOLUTION
Life Sciences
Phylogeny
Plant Diseases - immunology
Plants
Proteins
Salt tolerance
Time Factors
Transcription factors
Transcription Factors - metabolism
Transcription, Genetic
Transcriptional regulatory elements
Yeasts
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Summary:Truncated transcription factor-like proteins called microProteins (miPs) can modulate transcription factor activities, thereby increasing transcriptional regulatory complexity. To understand their prevalence, evolution, and function, we predicted over 400 genes that encode putative miPs from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) using a bioinformatics pipeline and validated two novel miPs involved in flowering time and response to abiotic and biotic stress. We provide an evolutionary perspective for a class of miPs targeting homeodomain transcription factors in plants and metazoans. We identify domain loss as one mechanism of miP evolution and suggest the possible roles of miPs on the evolution of their target transcription factors. Overall, we reveal a prominent layer of transcriptional regulation by miPs, show pervasiveness of such proteins both within and across genomes, and provide a framework for studying their function and evolution.
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PMCID: PMC4012575
ISSN:0032-0889
1532-2548
1532-2548
DOI:10.1104/pp.114.235903