High COVID-19 vaccine uptake following initial hesitancy among people in Australia who inject drugs

• Published in: Vaccine Vol. 42; no. 11; pp. 2877 - 2885
• Main Authors: Price, Olivia, Dietze, Paul, Maher, Lisa, Dore, Gregory J., Sutherland, Rachel, Salom, Caroline, Bruno, Raimondo, Crawford, Sione, Degenhardt, Louisa, Larney, Sarah, Peacock, Amy
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Ltd 19.04.2024; Elsevier Limited
• Subjects: Australia - epidemiology; Chronic illnesses; Confidence intervals; COVID-19; COVID-19 - prevention & control; COVID-19 diagnostic tests; COVID-19 Vaccines; Drug dosages; Drug use; Drugs; Female; Food security; Health services; Housing; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Interviews; Male; Middle Aged; People who inject drugs; Population statistics; Public health; Sociodemographics; Statistical analysis; Stigma; Substance use; Vaccination; Vaccine hesitancy; Vaccines; Australia; COVID-19 vaccines; Substance use; COVID-19; People who inject drugs; Vaccine hesitancy
• ISSN: 0264-410X; 1873-2518
• DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.051

•Prior research has reported high COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among people who inject drugs.•COVID-19 vaccine uptake among this sample (84%) was high.•However, it is lower than Australian population coverage estimates at the same time.•Unstable housing was associated with lower odds of receiving vaccination.•Those in COVID-19 risk groups had higher odds of receiving a booster dose. Previous studies have reported high COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among people who inject drugs. We aimed to examine COVID-19 vaccine coverage, motivations and barriers to vaccination, and factors associated with uptake among this population in Australia, 1.5 years after vaccine rollout commenced. In June-July 2022, 868 people (66.0 % male, mean age 45.6 years) who regularly inject drugs and reside in an Australian capital city reported the number of COVID-19 vaccine doses they had received and their primary motivation (if vaccinated) or barrier (if unvaccinated) to receive the vaccine. We compared vaccine uptake to Australian population estimates and used logistic regression to identify factors associated with ≥ 2 dose and ≥ 3 dose uptake. Overall, 84.1 % (n = 730) had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose, 79.6 % (n = 691) had received ≥ 2 doses, and 46.1 % (n = 400) had received ≥ 3 doses. Participants were less likely to be vaccinated than the Australian general population (prevalence ratio: 0.82, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.76–0.88). Key motivations to receive the vaccine were to protect oneself or others from COVID-19, while barriers pertained to vaccine or government distrust. Opioid agonist treatment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.49, 95 % CI: 1.44–4.42), current seasonal influenza vaccine uptake (aOR: 6.76, 95 % CI: 3.18–16.75), and stable housing (aOR: 1.58, 95 % CI: 1.02–2.80) were associated with receipt of at least two vaccine doses. Participants aged ≥ 40 years (versus < 40 years; aOR: 1.66, 95 % CI: 1.10–2.53) or who reported a chronic health condition (aOR: 1.71, 95 % CI: 1.18–2.47) had higher odds of receiving at least three vaccine doses. We observed higher COVID-19 vaccine uptake than expected given previous studies of vaccine acceptability among people who inject drugs. However, it was lower than the general population. People who inject drugs and reside in unstable housing are a subpopulation that require support to increase vaccine uptake.