Practical Significance of Biomarkers in Axial Spondyloarthritis: Updates on Diagnosis, Disease Activity, and Prognosis

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can lead to ankylosis by secondary ossification of inflammatory lesions, with progressive disability and a significant impact on quality of life. It is also a risk factor for the occurrence of comorbidities, especially cardiovasc...

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Published inInternational journal of molecular sciences Vol. 23; no. 19; p. 11561
Main Authors Diaconu, Alexandra-Diana, Ceasovschih, Alexandr, Șorodoc, Victorița, Pomîrleanu, Cristina, Lionte, Cătălina, Șorodoc, Laurențiu, Ancuța, Codrina
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 30.09.2022
MDPI
Subjects
Ankylosis
Arthritis
axial spondyloarthritis
Biomarkers
Bone turnover
Cardiovascular diseases
Comorbidity
Diagnosis
disease activity
Health services
Histocompatibility antigen HLA
Homeostasis
Inflammation
Inflammatory bowel disease
Inflammatory diseases
Medical prognosis
Metabolism
Metabolites
Microbiomes
molecules involved in bone homeostasis
Ossification
Osteoporosis
Patients
Prognosis
Proteins
Quality of life
Review
Rheumatic diseases
Risk analysis
Risk factors
systemic markers of inflammation
TNF inhibitors
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Summary:Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can lead to ankylosis by secondary ossification of inflammatory lesions, with progressive disability and a significant impact on quality of life. It is also a risk factor for the occurrence of comorbidities, especially cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), mood disorders, osteoporosis, and malignancies. Early diagnosis and treatment are needed to prevent or decrease functional decline and to improve the patient’s prognosis. In respect of axSpA, there is an unmet need for biomarkers that can help to diagnose the disease, define disease activity and prognosis, and establish personalized treatment approaches. The aim of this review was to summarize the available information regarding the most promising biomarkers for axSpA. We classified and identified six core categories of biomarkers: (i) systemic markers of inflammation; (ii) molecules involved in bone homeostasis; (iii) HLA-B27 and newer genetic biomarkers; (iv) antibody-based biomarkers; (v) microbiome biomarkers; and (vi) miscellaneous biomarkers. Unfortunately, despite efforts to validate new biomarkers, few of them are used in clinical practice; however, we believe that these studies provide useful data that could aid in better disease management.
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These authors contributed equally to this work.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms231911561