No complementarity no gain—Net diversity effects on tree productivity occur once complementarity emerges during early stand development

• Published in: Ecology letters Vol. 25; no. 4; pp. 851 - 862
• Main Authors: Urgoiti, Jon, Messier, Christian, Keeton, William S., Reich, Peter B., Gravel, Dominique, Paquette, Alain, Comita, Liza
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.04.2022
• Subjects: Biodiversity; biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning; Biomass; Complementarity; Divergence; Forest productivity; Forests; functional diversity; functional identity; functional traits; IDENT; life‐history strategy; long‐term diversity effects; Plant diversity; Productivity; resource partitioning; Species diversity; tree diversity experiment; Trees; functional diversity; tree diversity experiment; biodiversity-ecosystem functioning; IDENT; productivity; long-term diversity effects; functional traits; life-history strategy; functional identity; resource partitioning
• ISSN: 1461-023X; 1461-0248
• DOI: 10.1111/ele.13959

Although there is compelling evidence that tree diversity has an overall positive effect on forest productivity, there are important divergences among studies on the nature and strength of these diversity effects and their timing during forest stand development. To clarify conflicting results related to stand developmental stage, we explored how diversity effects on productivity change through time in a diversity experiment spanning 11 years. We show that the strength of diversity effects on productivity progressively increases through time, becoming significantly positive after 9 years. Moreover, we demonstrate that the strengthening of diversity effects is driven primarily by gradual increases in complementarity. We also show that mixing species with contrasting resource‐acquisition strategies, and the dominance of deciduous, fast‐developing species, promote positive diversity effects on productivity. Our results suggest that the canopy closure and subsequent stem exclusion phase are key for promoting niche complementarity in diverse tree communities. Although there is compelling evidence that tree diversity has an overall positive effect on forest productivity, there are important divergences among studies on the nature and strength of these diversity effects and their timing during forest stand development. This study shows that the strength of diversity effects on productivity progressively increases through time. These effects are driven primarily by gradual increases in complementarity.