Risk of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination in relation to human herpesviruses in the context of Epstein–Barr virus

• Published in: European journal of neurology Vol. 30; no. 9; pp. 2752 - 2760
• Main Authors: Lucas, Robyn M., Lay, Meav‐Lang J., Grant, James, Cherbuin, Nicolas, Toi, Cheryl S., Dear, Keith, Taylor, Bruce V., Dwyer, Dominic E., Chapman, Caron, Coulthard, Alan, Dwyer, Terry, Kilpatrick, Trevor, Lucas, Robyn, McMichael, Tony, Ponsonby, Anne‐Louise, Taylor, Bruce, Valery, Patricia, Mei, Ingrid, Williams, David
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.09.2023
• Subjects: Antibodies; Antigens; Blood; Case-Control Studies; case–control; Central Nervous System; Confidence intervals; Context; Cytomegalovirus; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Demyelination; Deoxyribonucleic acid; Diagnosis; DNA; Epstein-Barr virus; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections - complications; Herpes viruses; Herpesvirus 3, Human - genetics; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesvirus 6, Human - genetics; human herpesviruses; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Infections; Multiple Sclerosis; Nervous system; Population control; Prediction models; Risk factors; Statistical analysis; Varicella; viral infections; Viruses; human herpesviruses; viral infections; case-control; multiple sclerosis
• ISSN: 1351-5101; 1468-1331
• DOI: 10.1111/ene.15919

Background and purpose Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS) risk; evidence for other herpesviruses is inconsistent. Here, we test blood markers of infection with human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) as risk factors for a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination (FCD) in the context of markers of EBV infection. Methods In the Ausimmune case–control study, cases had an FCD, and population controls were matched on age, sex, and study region. We quantified HHV‐6‐ and VZV‐DNA load in whole blood and HHV‐6, VZV, and CMV antibodies in serum. Conditional logistic regression tested associations with FCD risk, adjusting for Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) IgG, EBV‐DNA load, and other covariates. Results In 204 FCD cases and 215 matched controls, only HHV‐6‐DNA load (positive vs. negative) was associated with FCD risk (adjusted odds ratio = 2.20, 95% confidence interval = 1.08–4.46, p = 0.03). Only EBNA IgG and HHV‐6‐DNA positivity were retained in a predictive model of FCD risk; the combination had a stronger association than either alone. CMV‐specific IgG concentration modified the association between an MS risk‐related human leucocyte antigen gene and FCD risk. Six cases and one control had very high HHV‐6‐DNA load (>1.0 × 106 copies/mL). Conclusions HHV‐6‐DNA positivity and high load (possibly due to inherited HHV‐6 chromosomal integration) were associated with increased FCD risk, particularly in association with markers of EBV infection. With growing interest in prevention/management of MS through EBV‐related pathways, there should be additional consideration of the role of HHV‐6 infection.