An investigation into the minimum number of tissue groups required for 7T in‐silico parallel transmit electromagnetic safety simulations in the human head

• Published in: Magnetic resonance in medicine Vol. 85; no. 2; pp. 1114 - 1122
• Main Authors: Buck, Matthijs H. S., Jezzard, Peter, Jeong, Hongbae, Hess, Aaron T.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.02.2021
• Subjects: Cerebrospinal fluid; clustered segmentation; Clusters; Computer Simulation; Cortical bone; Electromagnetic Fields; Head - diagnostic imaging; Head and neck; Humans; k‐means clustering; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; parallel transmit; Phantoms, Imaging; Radio Waves; RF safety; Safety; Safety margins; SAR simulation; Simulation; subject specific; Substantia grisea; ultra‐high field; k-means clustering; parallel transmit; ultra-high field; RF safety; subject specific; SAR simulation; clustered segmentation
• ISSN: 0740-3194; 1522-2594; 1522-2594
• DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28467

Purpose Safety limits for the permitted specific absorption rate (SAR) place restrictions on pulse sequence design, especially at ultrahigh fields (≥ 7 tesla). Due to intersubject variability, the SAR is usually conservatively estimated based on standard human models that include an applied safety margin to ensure safe operation. One approach to reducing the restrictions is to create more accurate subject‐specific models from their segmented MR images. This study uses electromagnetic simulations to investigate the minimum number of tissue groups required to accurately determine SAR in the human head. Methods Tissue types from a fully characterized electromagnetic human model with 47 tissue types in the head and neck region were grouped into different tissue clusters based on the conductivities, permittivities, and mass densities of the tissues. Electromagnetic simulations of the head model inside a parallel transmit head coil at 7 tesla were used to determine the minimum number of required tissue clusters to accurately determine the subject‐specific SAR. The identified tissue clusters were then evaluated using 2 additional well‐characterized electromagnetic human models. Results A minimum of 4‐clusters‐plus‐air was found to be required for accurate SAR estimation. These tissue clusters are centered around gray matter, fat, cortical bone, and cerebrospinal fluid. For all 3 simulated models, the parallel transmit maximum 10g SAR was consistently determined to within an error of <12% relative to the full 47‐tissue model. Conclusion A minimum of 4‐clusters‐plus‐air are required to produce accurate personalized SAR simulations of the human head when using parallel transmit at 7 tesla.