The Effects of Temperature on Cardiac Pacing Thresholds

• Published in: Pacing and clinical electrophysiology Vol. 33; no. 7; pp. 826 - 833
• Main Authors: MARSHALL, MARK T., LIAO, KENNETH K., LOUSHIN, MICHAEL K., IAIZZO, PAUL A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Malden, USA Blackwell Publishing Inc 01.07.2010; Wiley
• Subjects: Action Potentials - physiology; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Body Temperature - physiology; Cardiac dysrhythmias; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial - methods; Cardiology. Vascular system; defibrillators; Differential Threshold - physiology; Dogs; Heart; Heart Conduction System - physiology; Humans; imaging; implantable; magnetic resonance imaging; Medical sciences; pacemakers; Radiotherapy. Instrumental treatment. Physiotherapy. Reeducation. Rehabilitation, orthophony, crenotherapy. Diet therapy and various other treatments (general aspects); safety; Swine; Ventricular Function, Left - physiology; pacemakers; Intensive cardiocirculatory care; Temperature; implantable; magnetic resonance imaging; Arrhythmia; Instrumentation therapy; Cardiovascular disease; Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; imaging; Excitability disorder; Instrumental stimulation; Bradycardia; Implanted; Pacemaker; Heart disease; safety; Medical imagery; Defibrillation; defibrillators; Defibrillator
• ISSN: 0147-8389; 1540-8159
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02681.x

Background:  Human core body temperature can fluctuate between 36°C (sleep) and 42°C (intense exercise). Also, efforts are underway to develop implantable pacing systems that minimize heating during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (i.e., MRI safe). Concerns exist that ventricular pacing capture thresholds (VPCT) are modified by changing cardiac temperatures. This project was designed to assess the effects of temperature on VPCT of the mammalian heart. Methods:  Fresh ventricular specimens were obtained from healthy canine, healthy swine, and diseased human hearts. Isolated trabeculae were suspended in temperature‐controlled tissue baths containing oxygenated Krebs buffer. Small active fixation pacing leads delivered pacing pulses to each specimen. Baseline strength‐duration curves were determined at 37°C, then at randomized temperatures ranging from 35°C to 42°C. Final thresholds were repeated at 37°C to confirm baseline responses. All threshold data were normalized to a baseline average. Results:  Both canine and swine trabeculae elicited significant decreases in thresholds (10–14%) at pacing stimulus durations (pulsewidths) of 0.02 ms (P < 0.01) and 0.10 ms (P < 0.05) between the temperatures of 38°C and 41°C, compared to baseline. Thresholds at 42°C trended back to baseline for both canine (NS) and swine trabeculae (P < 0.05 compared to 38°C–41°C). Human trabeculae thresholds increased >35% (P < 0.05) at 42°C relative to baseline with no significant differences at other temperatures. Conclusions:  Temperature is a significant factor on pacing thresholds for mammalian ventricular myocardium. Our data for the diseased human trabeculae indicate that cases where cardiac heating may occur (e.g., radiofrequency energy due to MRI scans, febrile events), patients without adequate VPCT safety margin may be at higher risk of loss of proper function of an implanted pacing or defibrillation system. (PACE 2010; 826–833)