Genome-Wide Sensitivity Analysis of the Microsymbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti to Symbiotically Important, Defensin-Like Host Peptides

• Published in: mBio Vol. 8; no. 4
• Main Authors: Arnold, Markus F F, Shabab, Mohammed, Penterman, Jon, Boehme, Kevin L, Griffitts, Joel S, Walker, Graham C
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Society for Microbiology 01.08.2017
• Subjects: Bacterial Proteins - genetics; Cysteine - metabolism; Defensins - metabolism; Defensins - pharmacology; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Medicago truncatula - chemistry; Medicago truncatula - microbiology; Membrane Transport Proteins - metabolism; Mutagenesis; Nitrogen Fixation; Sinorhizobium meliloti - drug effects; Sinorhizobium meliloti - genetics; Sinorhizobium meliloti - metabolism; Symbiosis; host-microbe interactions; symbiosis; antimicrobial peptides
• ISSN: 2161-2129; 2150-7511
• DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01060-17

The model legume species expresses more than 700 nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) signaling peptides that mediate the differentiation of bacteria into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. NCR peptides are essential for a successful symbiosis in legume plants of the inverted-repeat-lacking clade (IRLC) and show similarity to mammalian defensins. In addition to signaling functions, many NCR peptides exhibit antimicrobial activity and Bacterial resistance to these antimicrobial activities is likely to be important for symbiosis. However, the mechanisms used by to resist antimicrobial activity of plant peptides are poorly understood. To address this, we applied a global genetic approach using transposon mutagenesis followed by high-throughput sequencing (Tn-seq) to identify genes and pathways that increase or decrease bacterial competitiveness during exposure to the well-studied cationic NCR247 peptide and also to the unrelated model antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B. We identified 78 genes and several diverse pathways whose interruption alters resistance to NCR247. These genes encode the following: (i) cell envelope polysaccharide biosynthesis and modification proteins, (ii) inner and outer membrane proteins, (iii) peptidoglycan (PG) effector proteins, and (iv) non-membrane-associated factors such as transcriptional regulators and ribosome-associated factors. We describe a previously uncharacterized yet highly conserved peptidase, which protects from NCR247 and increases competitiveness during symbiosis. Additionally, we highlight a considerable number of uncharacterized genes that provide the basis for future studies to investigate the molecular basis of symbiotic development as well as chronic pathogenic interactions. Soil rhizobial bacteria enter into an ecologically and economically important symbiotic interaction with legumes, in which they differentiate into physiologically distinct bacteroids that provide essential ammonia to the plant in return for carbon sources. Plant signal peptides are essential and specific to achieve these physiological changes. These peptides show similarity to mammalian defensin peptides which are part of the first line of defense to control invading bacterial populations. A number of these legume peptides are indeed known to possess antimicrobial activity, and so far, only the bacterial BacA protein is known to protect rhizobial bacteria against their antimicrobial action. This study identified numerous additional bacterial factors that mediate protection and belong to diverse biological pathways. Our results significantly contribute to our understanding of the molecular roles of bacterial factors during legume symbioses and, second, provide insights into the mechanisms that pathogenic bacteria may use to resist the antimicrobial effects of defensins during infections.