Black Carbon in a City of the Atacama Desert before and after the Start of the COVID-19 Lockdown: Ground Measurements and MERRA-2 Reanalysis

• Published in: Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 15; no. 19; p. 4702
• Main Authors: Liñán-Abanto, Rafael N, Arnott, William Patrick, Paredes-Miranda, Guadalupe, Ramos-Pérez, Omar, Salcedo, Dara, Torres-Muro, Hugo, Liñán-Abanto, Rosa M, Carabali, Giovanni
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.09.2023
• Subjects: Aerosols; Air pollution; Atacama Desert; Atmosphere; Black carbon; Carbon; Cities; Climate change; Contamination; COVID-19; Disease transmission; Emissions; HYSPLIT; MERRA-2 reanalysis; Outdoor air quality; Precipitation; Temporal variations; Wind direction; Wind effects; Chile; Mexico; Peru; Atacama Desert
• ISSN: 2072-4292; 2072-4292
• DOI: 10.3390/rs15194702

In this study, the temporal variations of black carbon (BC) were analyzed from November 2019 to September 2021, in Tacna, Peru. Ground measurements obtained with a photoacoustic extinctiometer (PAX BC) and NASA’s MERRA-2 reanalysis data (MERRA-2 BC) were used. The seasonal concentrations of PAX BC (mean ± standard deviation) were as follows: 0.70 ± 0.35, 0.73 ± 0.46, 0.70 ± 0.39, and 0.85 ± 0.46 µg m−3, for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively; while MERRA-2 BC values were 0.12 ± 0.11, 0.06 ± 0.02, 0.06 ± 0.02, and 0.11 ± 0.06 µg m−3, for the same seasons. We found a large discrepancy between these two techniques, as the PAX BC measurements were an order of magnitude higher than the MERRA-2 BC values. In addition, MERRA-2 did not record urban pollution events and did not present the BC weekend effect. The most frequent wind direction (81%) was from the southwest and the sources of greatest contamination were located to the northeast and southeast. The Mann–Kendall test confirmed a downward trend in PAX BC one week (37%) and two weeks (30%) after the start of the COVID-19 lockdown, and no trend in MERRA-2 BC. These results suggest that MERRA-2 underestimates the BC emissions from local sources.