Comprehensive GCMS and LC-MS/MS Metabolite Profiling of Chlorella vulgaris

• Published in: Marine drugs Vol. 18; no. 7; p. 367
• Main Authors: Pantami, Hamza Ahmed, Ahamad Bustamam, Muhammad Safwan, Lee, Soo Yee, Ismail, Intan Safinar, Mohd Faudzi, Siti Munirah, Nakakuni, Masatoshi, Shaari, Khozirah
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 17.07.2020; MDPI
• Subjects: Algae; Alternative energy sources; Amino acids; Aquaculture; Astaxanthin; biodiesel; Biodiesel fuels; Biofuels; Bioremediation; Carotene; Carotenoids; Chlorella; Chlorella vulgaris; Chlorella vulgaris - metabolism; Chlorophyll; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cultivation; Dietary minerals; Environmental management; Fatty acid composition; Fatty acids; Fatty Acids - metabolism; Fish; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Lipids; Lutein; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Metabolites; Metabolome; Metabolomics; molecular networking; Nutrition; Nutritive Value; Phospholipids; Phytoplankton; Phytoremediation; Pigments; Profiling; Proteins; Raw materials; Renewable energy; Renewable energy sources; Renewable resources; Resource management; Scientific imaging; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sugar; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Violaxanthin; Vitamins; β-Carotene; pigments; phytoremediation; molecular networking; Chlorella vulgaris; biodiesel
• ISSN: 1660-3397; 1660-3397
• DOI: 10.3390/MD18070367

The commercial cultivation of microalgae began in the 1960s and was one of the first target organisms. The species has long been considered a potential source of renewable energy, an alternative for phytoremediation, and more recently, as a growth and immune stimulant. However, which is one of the most studied microalga, has never been comprehensively profiled chemically. In the present study, comprehensive profiling of the metabolome grown under normal culture conditions was carried out, employing tandem LC-MS/MS to profile the ethanolic extract and GC-MS for fatty acid analysis. The fatty acid profile of was shown to be rich in omega-6, -7, -9, and -13 fatty acids, with omega-6 being the highest, representing more than sixty percent (>60%) of the total fatty acids. This is a clear indication that this species of could serve as a good source of nutrition when incorporated in diets. The profile also showed that the main fatty acid composition was that of C -C (>92%), suggesting that it might be a potential candidate for biodiesel production. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed carotenoid constituents comprising violaxanthin, neoxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, vulgaxanthin I, astaxanthin, and antheraxanthin, along with other pigments such as the chlorophylls. In addition to these, amino acids, vitamins, and simple sugars were also profiled, and through mass spectrometry-based molecular networking, 48 phospholipids were putatively identified.