Toxin production of dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum isolated from the East China Sea

• Published in: Harmful algae Vol. 113; p. 102188
• Main Authors: Lin, Zhuo-Ru, Geng, Hui-Xia, Zhang, Qing-Chun, Chen, Zhen-Fan, Dai, Li, Yu, Ren-Cheng
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.03.2022
• Subjects: ammonium; East China Sea; etiological agents; Gymnodinium; Harmful algal blooms, Gymnodinium catenatum; high performance liquid chromatography; Hydroxybenzoate toxins; nitrates; nitrogen; Nutrient; Paralytic shellfish toxins; phosphorus; shellfish; tandem mass spectrometry; Temperature; East China Sea; Nutrient; Temperature; Harmful algal blooms, Gymnodinium catenatum; Hydroxybenzoate toxins; Paralytic shellfish toxins
• ISSN: 1568-9883; 1878-1470; 1878-1470
• DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102188

•PST production by a Gymnodinium catenatum strain from East China Sea were studied.•The strain produced mainly N-sulfocarbamoyl and hydroxybenzoate PST components.•Temperature has little effects on toxin production features of G. catenatum.•Nutrient limitation decreased percentage of GC toxins at stationary growth phase.•Using ammonium as the nitrogen source raised cellular toxin quota of G. catenatum. Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum is an important producer of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), including a novel group of hydroxybenzoate derivatives named GC toxins. In the East China Sea, G. catenatum has been considered as the causative agent for several paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) episodes, yet the knowledge on their toxin production was still quite limited. In this study, toxins produced by a strain of G. catenatum (MEL11) isolated from the East China Sea were determined, using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Changes of toxin profile in the stain MEL11 in response to nutrient and temperature variations were also examined. A total of 11 PST components dominated by hydroxybenzoate analogs and N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins were detected, which was different from other G. catenatum strains previously established in the East China Sea in the presence of GC5 and the lack of dcGTX2&3. Cellular toxin composition and content of the strain had no apparent change within a range of temperature from 20°C to 26°C. In contrast, nutrient limitation and nitrogen source had notable impacts on toxin production. The molar percentage of GC toxins decreased remarkably at the stationary growth phase under nutrient-deprived conditions of both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The replacement of nitrate with ammonium as the source of N significantly promoted PST production by G. catenatum. The study revealed the potential diversity of toxin profiles of G. catenatum in the East China Sea, and highlighted the effects of nutrients on production of GC toxins by G. catenatum. [Display omitted]