Individual violent wave-overtopping events: behaviour and estimation

• Published in: Journal of hydraulic research Vol. 58; no. 1; pp. 34 - 46
• Main Authors: Raby, Alison, Jayaratne, Ravindra, Bredmose, Henrik, Bullock, Geoff
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Madrid Taylor & Francis 02.01.2020; Taylor & Francis Ltd
• Subjects: Aggressive behavior; Breakers; Breaking waves; bubble image velocimetry; coastal engineering; Computational fluid dynamics; flow visualization and imaging; incompressible Navier-Stokes solver; Laboratories; laboratory studies; Linear waves; Mathematical models; Numerical models; Numerical prediction; Overtopping; Steady flow; Velocimetry; Violence; violent wave overtopping; Wave groups; Weirs
• ISSN: 0022-1686; 1814-2079
• DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2018.1555549

To better understand individual violent wave overtopping, of significance for coastal defence design, three breaking wave types (steep-fronted, plunging and broken) based on focused wave groups, were generated in laboratory and numerical models. High-speed video captured overtopping events and produced velocity vector maps by means of bubble image velocimetry (BIV). Results were compared with a numerical model based on a linear wave detection procedure and a two-phase incompressible Navier-Stokes-based solver. This novel approach revealed that the overtopping waves comprised an initial jet of 0.2 s duration, but dominated by quasi-steady flow. Whilst laboratory surface-elevation time-histories were highly repeatable, overtopping volume repeats were sensitive to the breaker type. Measured volumes were compared with: the numerical model (which over-predicted, but was reasonably accurate for steep-fronted waves); estimations based on BIV results (which provided very close agreement for the steep-fronted waves); and a weir-based analogy (which provided reasonable agreement, but always under-predicted).