Effects of phonophoresis with diclofenac linked gold nanoparticles in model of traumatic muscle injury

• Published in: Materials Science & Engineering C Vol. 110; p. 110681
• Main Authors: dos Santos Haupenthal, Daniela Pacheco, Zortea, Diogo, Zaccaron, Rubya Pereira, de Bem Silveira, Gustavo, Corrêa, Maria Eduarda Anastácio Borges, Mendes, Carolini, de Roch Casagrande, Laura, Duarte, Mariane Bernardo, Pinho, Ricardo Aurino, Feuser, Paulo Emilio, Machado-de-Ávila, Ricardo Andrez, Silveira, Paulo Cesar Lock
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.05.2020; Elsevier BV
• Subjects: Animal models; Animals; Antioxidants; Biochemical analysis; Catalase - metabolism; Cytokines; Damage; Diclofenac; Diclofenac - pharmacology; Diclofenac - therapeutic use; Disease Models, Animal; Drug development; Exposure; Gastrocnemius muscle; Glutathione - metabolism; Gold; Gold - chemistry; Gold nanoparticles; Hyperalgesia - complications; Inflammation; Inflammation and oxidative stress; Injuries; Materials science; Metal Nanoparticles - chemistry; Metal Nanoparticles - ultrastructure; Muscle injury; Muscle, Skeletal - drug effects; Muscle, Skeletal - injuries; Muscle, Skeletal - pathology; Muscles; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Nuclei (cytology); Pain; Phonophoresis; Proteins; Rats, Wistar; Skeletal muscle; Sodium diclofenac; Soft tissues; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism; Ultrasound; Wounds and Injuries - complications; Wounds and Injuries - drug therapy; Wounds and Injuries - pathology; Muscle injury; Inflammation and oxidative stress; Phonophoresis; Gold nanoparticles; Sodium diclofenac
• ISSN: 0928-4931; 1873-0191
• DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110681

The use of nanotechnology for administering drugs is a recent development that presents promising results. Therapeutic Pulsed Ultrasound (TPU) is one such therapeutic option and is widely used for treating soft tissue lesions. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of phonophoresis using diclofenac (DC) linked to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in the skeletal muscle of rats used as a model of traumatic muscular injury. Wistar rats were divided into eight groups (N = 10): Sham, Muscle injury (MI), MI + TPU, MI + DC, MI + GNPs, MI + TPU + DC, MI + TPU + GNPs, and MI + TPU + DC-GNPs. The traumatic injury was performed in the gastrocnemius with a single direct traumatic impact via an injuring press. The animals received daily treatment for 5 consecutive days with TPU and gel with DC and/or GNPs. Two hours after the last treatment session, animals were euthanized and the gastrocnemius muscle surgically removed for histological and biochemical analysis. The groups exposed to some therapies (MI + TPU + DC, MI + TPU + GNPs and MI + TPU + DC-GNPs) showed reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine levels was observed in the group exposed to all therapies combined (MI + TPU + DC-GNPs). Reactive species production and protein damage resulting from oxidative damage was lower for the group exposed to all tested therapies had lower production. Lower protein damage was also observed in the TPU + GNPs group. The group that underwent all tested therapies combined showed a significant increase in antioxidants compared to the MI group. During histological analysis, the MI group showed large amounts of cell infiltration and centralized nuclei, whereas the MI + TPU + DC-GNPs group showed structural improvements. Pain levels in the MI + TPU + DC-GNPs group were lower than those of the MI group. We believe that the association of TPU with DC linked to GNPs decreases the inflammation caused by traumatic muscle injury and accelerates tissue repair. [Display omitted] •Traumatic muscle injury causes inflammation and oxidative stress.•Phonophoresis is capable of increasing the penetration of anti-inflammatory agents.•GNPs improve the potential of drugs altering their pharmacokinetics.•Phonophoresis with DC linked GNPs decreased inflammatory status and oxidative stress.