Evaluation of risks of viral transmission to recipients of bovine embryos arising from fertilisation with virus-infected semen

• Published in: Theriogenology Vol. 65; no. 2; pp. 247 - 274
• Main Authors: Wrathall, A.E., Simmons, H.A., Van Soom, A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 20.01.2006
• Subjects: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Bluetongue virus - isolation & purification; Bovine; Cattle; Cattle Diseases - transmission; Cattle Diseases - virology; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral - isolation & purification; Embryo Transfer - adverse effects; Embryo Transfer - standards; Embryo Transfer - veterinary; Embryo, Mammalian - virology; Embryos; Enzootic Bovine Leukosis - virology; Female; Fertilization in Vitro - adverse effects; Fertilization in Vitro - standards; Fertilization in Vitro - veterinary; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine - isolation & purification; Import–export; Leukemia Virus, Bovine - isolation & purification; Male; Oocytes - virology; Risk Assessment; Safety; Semen; Semen - virology; Spermatozoa - virology; Virus Diseases - transmission; Virus Diseases - veterinary; Viruses; Viruses; Bovine; Semen; Embryos; Import–export
• ISSN: 0093-691X; 1879-3231
• DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.05.043

This scientific review was prompted by recent legislation to curtail the use of semen from potentially virus-infected bulls to produce embryos for import into the European Union. From studies in laboratory animals, humans and horses, it is apparent that viruses may sometimes attach to, or be integrated into, spermatozoa, although in domestic livestock, including cattle, this seems to be a rare phenomenon, and carriage of virus through the zona pellucida into the oocyte by fertilising sperm has never been described in these species. Four specific viruses; enzootic bovine leukosis (EBLV), bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV), all of which tend to cause subclinical infections in cattle, but which can occur in bovine semen, are examined with regard to the risks that use of infected semen might lead to production of infected embryos. With regard to in vivo-derived embryos, when internationally approved embryo processing protocols are used, the risks from EBLV- and BTV-infected semen are negligible, and the same is almost certainly true for semen infected with BoHV-1 if the embryos are also treated with trypsin. For BVDV, there is insufficient data on how the virus is carried in semen and how different BVDV strains can interact with sperm, oocytes and embryos. There is a potential, at least, that in vivo-derived embryos resulting from infected semen might carry BVDV, although field studies so far suggest that this is very unlikely. With regard to in vitro-produced embryos, use of semen infected with any of the four viruses, with the probable exception of EBLV, will often lead to contaminated embryos, and virus removal from these embryos is difficult even when the internationally approved embryo processing protocols are used. However, it has never been demonstrated that such embryos have resulted in transmission of infection to recipients or offspring.