Scavenger deterrent factor (SDF) from symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes

• Published in: Journal of invertebrate pathology Vol. 110; no. 3; pp. 326 - 333
• Main Authors: Gulcu, Baris, Hazir, Selcuk, Kaya, Harry K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier Inc 01.07.2012; Elsevier
• Subjects: Age Factors; Animals; Ant Deterrent Factor; Ants - drug effects; Ants - physiology; Biological and medical sciences; Biological Factors - metabolism; Biological Factors - toxicity; Chrysomya albiceps; Feeding Behavior - drug effects; Feeding Behavior - physiology; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gryllidae - drug effects; Gryllidae - physiology; Gryllus bimaculatus; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Invertebrates; Larva - microbiology; Lepisiota frauenfeldi; Nemathelminthia. Plathelmintha; Nematoda - microbiology; Nematoda - physiology; Oviposition - drug effects; Oviposition - physiology; Paravespula sp; Pest Control, Biological; Photorhabdus; Photorhabdus - metabolism; Symbiosis; Vespa orientalis; Wasps - drug effects; Wasps - physiology; Xenorhabdus; Xenorhabdus - metabolism; Photorhabdus; Gryllus bimaculatus; Vespa orientalis; Paravespula sp; Chrysomya albiceps; Xenorhabdus; Lepisiota frauenfeldi; Ant Deterrent Factor; Entomopathogen; Insecta; Orthoptera; Gryllidae; Formicoidea; Calliphoridae; Bacteria; Repellent; Nematoda; Aculeata; Enterobacteriaceae; Symbiosis; Formicidae; Social insect; Arthropoda; Helmintha; Vespidae; Nemathelminthia; Hymenoptera; Invertebrata; Diptera
• ISSN: 0022-2011; 1096-0805
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.03.014

Oviposition behavior of the calliphorid fly, Chrysomya albiceps on lamb meat treated with Photorhabdus luminescens supernatant bacterial culture (right) and distilled water (left). [Display omitted] Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are symbiotically associated with bacteria in the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, respectively. The symbiotic bacteria produce a chemical compound(s) that deterred ants from feeding on nematode-killed insects (i.e., cadavers) and has been previously referred to as an Ant Deterrent Factor (ADF). We studied the response of different arthropod scavenger species which included the ant Lepisiota frauenfeldi, cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, wasps Vespa orientalis and Paravespula sp., and calliphorid fly Chrysomya albiceps, to ADF. These scavengers (ants, crickets, and wasps) were exposed to cadavers with and without the nematode/bacterium complex or to Photorhabdus luminescens cultures of different ages on different substrates. The ant, cricket, and wasp species did not feed on nematode-killed insects containing the nematode/bacterium complex that were 2days old and older but fed on 1-day-old nematode-killed and freeze -killed insects. Crickets consumed 2- to 7-day-old axenic nematode-killed insects, 1-, 4-, and 5-day-old insects killed by the bacterium, Serratia marcescens, and freeze-killed, putrid insects that were up to 10days old. The crickets only partially consumed 2- and 3-day-old insects killed by S. marcescens which differed significantly from the 1-, 4-, and 5-day-old killed insects by this bacterium. Ants fed only on 5% sucrose solution (control) and 1- to 3- day old cultures of P. luminescens containing 5% sucrose but not on older cultures of P. luminescens. Wasps did not feed on meat treated with P. luminescens supernatant, whereas they fed on meat treated with Escherichia coli supernatant and control meat. Calliphorid flies did not oviposit on meat treated with P. luminescens supernatant but did oviposit on untreated meat. Based on the response of these scavengers, the chemical compound(s) responsible for this deterrent activity should be called “scavenger deterrent factor” (SDF).