Do Phagostimulants, Alone or Combined with Ammonium Acetate, Di-Ammonium Phosphate, and Acetic Acid, Effectively Attract Both Sexes of Peach Fruit Flies, Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae)?: Insights from Laboratory and Field Bioassays

• Published in: Insects (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 15; no. 7; p. 470
• Main Authors: Nisar, Muhammad Junaid, Gogi, Muhammad Dildar, Abbasi, Asim, Atta, Bilal, Yousafi, Qudsia, Ul Haq, Inzamam, Subhan, Mishal, Ali, Hayssam M, Alsakkaf, Waleed A A, Basiouny, Mohamed S
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.07.2024
• Subjects: Acetates; Acetic acid; Admixtures; Adults; Agricultural practices; Ammonium; Ammonium acetate; Ammonium phosphates; attractancy; Attractants; Attraction; Bactrocera zonata; Baits; Behavior; Bioassays; Chemical damage; Chemical pest control; Comparative analysis; Crop production; dap; Diammonium phosphate; Economic impact; Effectiveness; Eggs; Environmental aspects; Females; Field tests; Food; Fruit flies; Fruits; Guava; Horticulture; Hydrolysates; Laboratories; Mangoes; Molasses; Olfactometers; Orchards; Pest control; Pesticides; Pests; phagostimulant lure sources; Phagostimulants; Proteins; Quarantine; Sustainable agriculture; Sustainable practices; Syrups & sweeteners; Yeast; Pakistan; Bactrocera zonata; dap; phagostimulants; phagostimulant lure sources; acetic acid; attractancy; ammonium acetate
• ISSN: 2075-4450; 2075-4450
• DOI: 10.3390/insects15070470

Laboratory and field assays of three sets of experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of different phagostimulants alone and in combination with other phagostimulant lure sources, such as ammonium acetate, DAP, and acetic acid, on the attractancy of both sexes of . In the first experiment, the laboratory olfactometer study revealed that out of eleven phagostimulants, banana, mulberry, mango, guava, molasses, and protein hydrolysate exhibited moderate attractancy (15.2-60.2%) to . Unexpectedly, banana and protein hydrolysate were demonstrated to be highly attractive phagostimulants for starved female (53.6% and 60.2%, respectively). In the field study, none of the tested phagostimulants exhibited high attractancy; however, banana, mulberry, protein hydrolysate, guava, mango, and molasses demonstrated moderate attractancy (5.6-35.6%) to . In the second experiment, out of five phagostimulant-mixtures, phagostimulant-mixture-4 proved highly attractive (40.5-68.6% and 45.5-51.2%), followed by phagostimulant-mixture-3, which proved to be moderately attractive (17.0-22.5% and 28.4-36.1%) to in olfactometer and field studies, respectively. In the third experiment, out of five phagostimulant-AdMixtures, phagostimulant-AdMixture-4 demonstrated strong attractiveness in the olfactometer (41.6-68.7%) and field studies (52.7-58.7%) for , while the rest of the AdMixtures demonstrated moderate to no attractiveness for . So, phagostimulant-AdMixture-4 with GF-120 could be used in the development of a phagostimulant bait station which attracts the maximum population and ultimately provides pest-free fruits to the farmers.