Salivary microbiome in kidney diseases: A narrative review

• Published in: Cell biochemistry and function Vol. 41; no. 8; pp. 988 - 995
• Main Authors: Ramanathan, Kumaresan, Padmanabhan, Giri, Gulilat, Henok, Malik, Tabarak
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.12.2023
• Subjects: Colonization; Deregulation; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetic Nephropathies; Digestive system; Digestive tract; Dysbacteriosis; dysbiosis; Homeostasis; Humans; IgA nephropathy; Immune response; Immunoglobulin A; Immunology; Intestinal microflora; Kidney diseases; Kidneys; Membranous nephropathy; Microbial activity; Microbiomes; Microbiota; Microorganisms; noninvasive markers; Renal function; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Saliva; salivary microbiome; Symbiosis; Therapeutic targets; microbiota; noninvasive markers; salivary microbiome; kidney diseases; dysbiosis
• ISSN: 0263-6484; 1099-0844
• DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3864

Many research has been conducted since the microbiota's discovery that have focused on the role it plays in health and disease. Microbiota can be divided into categories like intestinal, oral, respiratory, and skin microbiota based on the specific localized areas. To maintain homeostasis and control immunological response, the microbial populations live in symbiosis with the host. On the other hand, dysbiosis of the microbiota can cause diseases including kidney diseases and the deregulation of body functioning. We discuss the current understanding of how various kidney diseases are caused by the salivary microbiome (SM) in this overview. First, we review the studies on the salivary microbiota in diverse clinical situations. The importance of the SM in diabetic kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, membranous nephropathy, and IgA nephropathy is next highlighted. We conclude that the characteristics of the SM of patients with various kidney diseases have revealed the potential of salivary microbial markers as noninvasive tool for the detection of various kidney diseases. Significance Statement Saliva has a crucial function in maintaining a symbiotic interaction between the host and oral microorganisms. The possibility exists for the salivary microbiota to serve as a connection between oral and systemic diseases. The association between kidney diseases and gut microbiota has been extensively examined in terms of alterations in the microbial communities of individuals with kidney diseases, as well as the underlying processes by which gut microbiota contribute to the onset and progression of kidney diseases. Saliva, which constitutes a significant portion of the gut microbiota, potentially exerts a significant influence on kidney diseases. It is plausible that the colonization of the gut by salivary microbiota could be strongly linked to the progression of kidney disease and renal function. The salivary microbiota composition in individuals with renal disease exhibits notable dissimilarities compared to that of the general healthy population. However, it is important to note that the specific microbial species or markers may not consistently vary in the same manner across different investigations. Therefore, it is important to consider the potential role of salivary microbiota in the development and progression of renal diseases. In conclusion, the salivary microbiota exhibits promising prospects as both a diagnostic tool and a therapeutic target in the context of kidney diseases.