Vertically π-Expanded Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine: The Missing Link of the Puzzle
The dehydrogenative coupling of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine derivative has been achieved for the first time. In cases in which the most‐electron‐rich position of the electron‐excessive heterocycle was blocked by a naphthalen‐1‐yl substituent, neither oxidative aromatic coupling nor reaction under Scholl...
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Published in | Chemistry, an Asian journal Vol. 9; no. 9; pp. 2483 - 2493 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Weinheim
WILEY-VCH Verlag
01.09.2014
WILEY‐VCH Verlag |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Summary: | The dehydrogenative coupling of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine derivative has been achieved for the first time. In cases in which the most‐electron‐rich position of the electron‐excessive heterocycle was blocked by a naphthalen‐1‐yl substituent, neither oxidative aromatic coupling nor reaction under Scholl conditions enabled the fusion of the rings. The only method that converted the substrate into the corresponding imidazo[5,1,2‐de]naphtho[1,8‐ab]quinolizine was coupling in the presence of potassium in anhydrous toluene. Moreover, we discovered new, excellent conditions for this anion‐radical coupling reaction, which employed dry O2 from the start in the reaction mixture. This method afforded vertically fused imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine in 63 % yield. Interestingly, whereas the fluorescence quantum yield (Φfl) of compound 3, despite the freedom of rotation, was close to 50 %, the Φfl value of flat naphthalene‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine was only 5 %. Detailed analysis of this compound by using DFT calculations and a low‐temperature Shpol′skii matrix revealed phosphorescence emission, thus indicating that efficient intersystem‐crossing from the lowest‐excited S1 level to the triplet manifold was the competing process with fluorescence.
Po raz pierwszy otrzymano nowy typ związku heterocyklicznego ‐ imidazo[1,2‐a]pirydynę sprzężoną w pozycjach 3 i 5 z naftalenem. Udowodniono, że spośród wszystkich metod wewnątrzcząsteczkowego odwodornienia tylko sprzęganie z wytworzeniem aniono‐rodników prowadzi do oczekiwanego produktu. Opracowano przy tym nowe warunki prowadzenia tej reakcji, w których suchy tlen jest obecny od początku w układzie reakcyjnym. Dokładne zbadanie właściwości optyczne obu związków zarówno w roztworze jak i w matrycach Szpolskiego oraz poprzez obliczenia kwantowo‐mechaniczne wykazały, że za niską wydajność kwantową fluorescencji odpowiedzialne jest przejście międzysystemowe na nisko leżący stan trypletowy.
Flat beat: The fusion of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine with naphthalene can only be achieved under anion‐radical coupling conditions. The resulting, flat imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine, which was fused with naphthalene at the 3,5 positions, was weakly fluorescent. Shpol′skii matrix and DFT calculations revealed that relaxation by intersystem crossing between the S1 state and a lower‐lying triplet state was responsible for the low fluorescent quantum yield. |
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Bibliography: | istex:696B9B1A4DB0FAC289684ED18E3BCCBB6870BAB8 European Community′s Seventh Framework Programme - No. 264362; No. G-32-10 ark:/67375/WNG-4RRVRXNF-6 ArticleID:ASIA201402201 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
ISSN: | 1861-4728 1861-471X |
DOI: | 10.1002/asia.201402201 |