A new method for quantifiable and controlled dosage of particulate matter for in vitro studies: The electrostatic particulate dosage and exposure system (EPDExS)

• Published in: Toxicology in vitro Vol. 22; no. 7; pp. 1768 - 1774
• Main Authors: Stevens, J.P., Zahardis, J., MacPherson, M., Mossman, B.T., Petrucci, G.A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.10.2008
• Subjects: 1, 4-Naphthoquinone; Aerosols - administration & dosage; Aerosols - toxicity; Animals; Cell Survival - drug effects; Chemical Precipitation; Epithelial Cells - drug effects; Fine particle exposure; Mice; Naphthoquinones - administration & dosage; Naphthoquinones - toxicity; Particle Size; Particulate dosage; Particulate Matter - administration & dosage; Particulate Matter - toxicity; Particulate toxicity; Pulmonary Alveoli - cytology; Pulmonary Alveoli - drug effects; Static Electricity; Surface Properties; Ultrafine particle exposure; Ultrafine particle exposure; Particulate toxicity; 1, 4-Naphthoquinone; Fine particle exposure; Particulate dosage
• ISSN: 0887-2333; 1879-3177
• DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.05.013

An exposure chamber is described for the quantifiable addition of fine and ultrafine aerosol particulate matter directly to cells and used to demonstrate the in vitro cytotoxicity of fine 1,4-naphthoquinone particles to murine lung epithelial cells. The electrostatic particulate dosage and exposure system (EPDExS) operates on the principle of electrostatic precipitation and is shown to deposit fine and ultrafine aerosol particles directly to cells with 100% efficiency for particle diameters in the range of 40–530 nm. This range is not limited by the EPDExS, but rather by the aerosolization method used for this study. Numbers of particles deposited onto the cells are counted with a condensation particle counter, negating any need to calculate or estimate particle exposure. The process of particle introduction, assessed using Trypan blue dye exclusion, had no effect on cell viability. In combination with a differential mobility classifier, the EPDExS can deliver select particle diameters to cells. The ability to control the diameter and number of particles deposited permits in vitro toxicity studies of particulate matter using different particle dosage metrics, i.e., particle number and size, surface area and mass. Finally, because EPDExS introduces particles directly from the aerosol, it can be used to expose cells grown at air/liquid interfaces.