Current and future environmental suitability for bats hosting potential zoonotic pathogens in rural Kenya

• Published in: Ecology and evolution Vol. 14; no. 6; pp. e11572 - n/a
• Main Authors: Uusitalo, Ruut J., Jackson, Reilly T., Lunn, Tamika J., Korhonen, Essi M., Ogola, Joseph G., Webala, Paul W., Sironen, Tarja A., Forbes, Kristian M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bognor Regis John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.06.2024; John Wiley and Sons Inc; Wiley
• Subjects: Applied Ecology; Bats; Biogeography; Climate change; Climatic data; Disease Ecology; Domestic animals; East Africa; ecological modeling; Energy consumption; ensemble prediction; Environmental changes; Environmental factors; General circulation models; Hills; Human populations; Mops pumilus; Pathogens; Plains; Population density; Population growth; Precipitation; Public health; Rural environments; Spatial Ecology; Urban areas; Urban environments; Urbanization; Variables; Vegetation; Zoonoses; Kenya; East Africa; Africa
• ISSN: 2045-7758; 2045-7758
• DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11572

Synanthropic bats live in close proximity to humans and domestic animals, creating opportunities for potential pathogen spillover. We explored environmental correlates of occurrence for a widely distributed synanthropic African bat, Mops pumilus—a species associated with potential zoonotic viruses—and estimated current and future environmental suitability in the Taita Hills region and surrounding plains in Taita–Taveta County in southeast Kenya. To project future environmental suitability, we used four Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 general circulation models that capture temperature and precipitation changes for East Africa. The models were parameterized with empirical capture data of M. pumilus collected from 2016 to 2023, combined with satellite‐based vegetation, topographic, and climatic data to identify responses to environmental factors. The strongest drivers for current environmental suitability for M. pumilus were short distance to rivers, higher precipitation during the driest months, sparse vegetation—often related to urban areas—and low yearly temperature variation. To predict current and future areas suitable for M. pumilus, we created ensemble niche models, which yielded excellent predictive accuracies. Current suitable environments were located southward from the central and southern Taita Hills and surrounding plains, overlapping with urban centers with the highest human population densities in the area. Future projections for 2050 indicated a moderate increase in suitability range in the southern portion of the region and surrounding plains in human‐dominated areas; however, projections for 2090 showed a slight contraction of environmental suitability for M. pumilus, potentially due to the negative impact of increased temperatures. These results show how environmental changes are likely to impact the human exposure risk of bat‐borne pathogens and could help public health officials develop strategies to prevent these risks in Taita–Taveta County, Kenya, and other parts of Africa. Bats are reservoirs for emerging pathogens and may pose significant risks to human health. Understanding spatial overlap between bats and humans across landscapes is a necessary requirement for developing exposure prevention strategies against bat‐borne zoonotic pathogens. We explored environmental correlates of occurrence for a widely distributed synanthropic African bat, Mops pumilus—a species associated with potential zoonotic viruses—and estimated current and future environmental suitability in Taita–Taveta County in southeast Kenya. Current suitable environments were located southwards from central Taita Hills overlapping with urban centers, and future predictions demonstrate how these areas will change—first, the localized range of M. pumilus will increase in human‐dominated areas by 2050, and thereafter, environmental suitability will decrease and become more fragmented indicating the potential negative impact of higher temperature increase on the species. The results show how environmental changes are likely to impact human exposure risk of bat‐borne pathogens and could help public health officials develop strategies to prevent these risks in Taita–Taveta County, Kenya, and other parts of Africa. Figure was created with Biorender.com.