Nitrogen Retention of Terricolous Lichens in a Northern Alberta Jack Pine Forest

• Published in: Ecosystems (New York) Vol. 22; no. 6; pp. 1308 - 1324
• Main Authors: Bird, Adam, Watmough, Shaun A., Carson, Michael A., Basiliko, Nathan, McDonough, Andrew
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer Science + Business Media 01.09.2019; Springer US; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Abundance; Ammonia; Ammonia monooxygenase; Ammonium nitrate; Analysis; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Chemical analysis; Coniferous forests; Decomposing organic matter; Deposition; Ecology; Environmental Management; Eutrophication; Evergreen trees; Floors; Foliage; Forest ecosystems; Forest floor; Forests; Fungi; Geoecology/Natural Processes; Ground cover; Humus; Hydrology/Water Resources; Lichens; Life Sciences; Materials recovery; Mats; Microbial activity; Microorganisms; Mineralization; Nitrification; Nitrogen; Nitrogen isotopes; Nitrogen oxide; Nitrogen oxides; Oil sands; Organic chemistry; Original Articles; Oxides; Photochemicals; Pine; Pine trees; Pinus banksiana; Plant Sciences; Plants; Point sources; Soils; System effectiveness; Terrestrial ecosystems; Zoology; nitrogen saturation; lichens; oil sands; eutrophication; nitrogen
• ISSN: 1432-9840; 1435-0629
• DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00337-1

The Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada, is one of the largest point sources of nitrogen oxides in Canada. There are concerns that elevated nitrogen (N) deposition will adversely impact forest ecosystems located downwind of emission sources. The role of the forest floor in regulating these potential eutrophication effects was investigated following a 5-year enrichment study in which N was applied as NH₄NO₃ above the canopy of a jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb) stand in northern Alberta close to Fort McMurray at rates ranging from 5 to 25 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ in addition to background deposition of approximately 2 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. Chemical analysis of lichen mats revealed that the N concentration in the apical (upper) lichen tissue and necrotic tissue increased with treatment. When expressed as a N pool, the fibric–humic material held the largest quantity of N across all treatments due to its relatively large mass (172–214 kg N ha⁻¹), but there was no significant treatment effect. Soil net N mineralization and net nitrification rates did not differ among N treatments after five years of application. A ¹⁵N tracer applied to the forest floor showed that N is initially absorbed by the apical lichen (16.6% recovery), FH material (29.4% recovery), and the foliage of the vascular plant Vaccinium myrtilloides (31.7% recovery) in particular. After 2 years, the FH ¹⁵N pool size was elevated and all other measured pools were depleted, indicating a slow transfer of N to the FH material. Applied ¹⁵N was not detectable in mineral soil. The microbial functional gene ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) responsible for catalyzing the first step in nitrification was undetectable using PCR screening of mineral soil microbial communities in all treatments, and broad fungal/bacterial qPCR assays revealed a weak treatment effect on fungal: bacterial ratios in mineral soil with decreasing relative fungal abundance under higher N deposition. This work suggests that terricolous lichen mats, which form the majority of ground cover in upland jack pine systems, have a large capacity to effectively retain elevated N deposition in soil humus.