Psychopathology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: from an inflammatory perspective

• Published in: The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery Vol. 58; no. 1; pp. 1 - 9
• Main Author: Wong, Rebecca Shin Yee
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 23.10.2022; Springer Nature B.V; SpringerOpen
• Subjects: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Hyperactivity; Immune-mediated diseases; Inflammation; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Neurodevelopmental disorders; Neuroinflammation; Neurology; Neurosurgery; Oxidative stress; Psychiatry; Psychopathology; Review; Oxidative stress; Neuroinflammation; Inflammation; Immune-mediated diseases; Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
• ISSN: 1110-1083; 1687-8329
• DOI: 10.1186/s41983-022-00561-y

Background Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsivity, which may affect one’s cognitive and psychosocial functioning. This review gives an overview of ADHD, particularly from an aetiological and clinical perspective. It also critically examines current evidence on the role of inflammation in ADHD and consolidates key findings in this area of research. Results The exact cause of ADHD remains unknown, and the aetiology of the disorder is believed to be multifactorial. Numerous genetic and environmental factors have been linked to the development of ADHD. Like many psychiatric disorders, ADHD has been associated with inflammation that occurs locally and peripherally. A growing body of evidence shows that maternal inflammatory status during pregnancy is associated with diagnosis of ADHD in the offspring, whereas oxidative stress, inflammatory biochemical markers and immune-mediated diseases have been observed in individuals with ADHD. Conclusions The underlying inflammatory processes and mechanisms in ADHD are not clearly understood. Therefore, further exploration is warranted in future research. This has clinical implications as inflammation may be a potential target in the treatment of ADHD.